Ex. 1. John Winthrop
2.Walt Whitman
3…..
I also will upload downloads of the material that we went over. I will let you decide which 3 authors to use. I will also upload links to websites that were used for your decision.
Performance management systems play a critical role in shaping the success and effectiveness of organizations by providing a structured framework for managing and improving employee performance. In today’s dynamic business environment, the implementation of robust performance management systems is essential for aligning individual goals with organizational objectives, fostering employee development, and enhancing overall performance. This article explores the fundamental components, importance, implementation strategies, best practices, and evaluation methods of performance management systems to help organizations optimize their workforce productivity and achieve strategic goals.
Performance management systems are like the GPS for organizations, guiding them on how to steer their ship of employees towards success. Whether you’re a seasoned HR pro or just someone who’s curious about how companies keep their staff on track, understanding these systems is key to unlocking peak performance.
Performance management systems are like the cool uncle of HR processes, combining goal-setting, feedback, and development to help employees reach their full potential. Think of it as a roadmap that keeps everyone on course and helps organizations achieve their objectives.
Performance management systems have come a long way from the days of bland annual reviews. They’ve evolved to focus on continuous improvement, fostering a culture of growth and development. It’s like going from a flip phone to the latest smartphone – sleek, efficient, and packed with features.
A performance management system is like a well-oiled machine with various parts working together to drive success. From setting goals to providing feedback and training, each component plays a crucial role in helping employees thrive and organizations succeed.
Setting goals is like creating a treasure map for employees, showing them where the buried gold lies. It helps align individual efforts with organizational objectives, keeping everyone focused on the same prize.
Feedback is like the steering wheel that helps employees navigate their performance journey. Regular check-ins and constructive criticism help course-correct and steer towards success.
Development and training are like the power-ups in a video game, helping employees level up their skills and abilities. Investing in learning opportunities not only benefits individuals but also boosts the overall strength of the team.
Performance management systems are the secret sauce that helps organizations spice up their success recipe. By enhancing employee performance and aligning goals, these systems create a winning formula for achieving greatness.
Performance management systems are like the personal trainers of the workplace, pushing employees to break personal records and reach new heights. By providing support and guidance, these systems help individuals perform at their best.
Aligning individual and organizational goals is like synchronizing a dance routine – everyone moves in harmony towards a common rhythm. This alignment ensures that every step taken by employees contributes to the larger choreography of organizational success.
Implementing a performance management system is like assembling a puzzle – it takes careful planning and the right pieces to create a masterpiece. By assessing needs, designing processes, and involving employees, organizations can build a system that drives performance and fuels growth.
Assessing organizational needs and objectives is like taking inventory before a big journey – you need to know where you’re starting from and where you want to go. By understanding the landscape, organizations can tailor their performance management systems to fit their unique requirements.
Designing performance appraisal processes is like crafting a well-written review – it needs to be fair, specific, and motivating. By creating structured processes that measure performance effectively, organizations can provide valuable feedback that fuels improvement.
Employee involvement and communication are like the secret ingredients that make a dish unforgettable. By engaging employees in the process and fostering open communication channels, organizations can create a culture of transparency and collaboration that fuels success.
Performance management isn’t a once-a-year affair like an awkward family reunion—it should be an ongoing conversation. Regular feedback and coaching help employees understand expectations, address issues promptly, and grow professionally. It’s like watering a plant regularly instead of drowning it once a year in a misguided attempt at hydration.
Acknowledging good work is like giving your pet a treat when they do a cool trick—it encourages them to excel. Recognize and reward employees for their achievements to boost morale, motivation, and overall performance. Celebrate successes, big or small, to create a culture of appreciation and encouragement.
Just like how you check reviews before buying a questionable gadget, you need to assess your performance management system’s effectiveness. Use key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure outcomes, employee satisfaction, and overall impact. Data-driven insights provide valuable guidance on what’s working and what’s not.
Even the best things can use a sprinkle of improvement—like adding extra cheese to a perfect pizza. Identify areas where your performance management system falls short through feedback, surveys, and reviews. Address weaknesses promptly and implement changes to enhance the system’s efficiency and relevance. After all, progress is about continuous improvement, not perfection.In conclusion, a well-designed and effectively implemented performance management system serves as a cornerstone for organizational success, driving employee engagement, productivity, and continuous improvement. By adopting best practices and regularly evaluating and refining their performance management processes, organizations can create a culture of high performance and accountability that propels them towards achieving their mission and vision. Embracing the principles outlined in this article can empower organizations to leverage the full potential of their workforce and stay ahead in today’s competitive landscape.
Goal setting is a crucial component of a performance management system as it provides employees with clear objectives to work towards, aligning their efforts with the organization’s strategic priorities. Setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals helps enhance performance, motivation, and accountability.
Effective communication is key to the success of a performance management system. Organizations can promote transparent and open communication by providing regular feedback, fostering a culture of dialogue and collaboration, and ensuring that performance discussions are constructive and focused on growth and development.
Some common challenges in implementing performance management systems include resistance to change, lack of clarity in goal setting, inconsistent feedback, and inadequate training for managers and employees. Overcoming these challenges requires a strategic approach, stakeholder buy-in, and ongoing commitment to refining and improving the system.
question
Explain the various types of products and services provided by international banks. How do international bank clients benefit from these products and services?
answer
1. Introduction
In this article, we examine the important role played by international banks in promoting economic and financial integration and development. This is particularly significant at a time when the globalization process is being called into question as a result of the financial crises in the emerging market economies. A fundamental insight provided by the theory of financial intermediation is that banks and financial institutions can lower the cost of transactions through the provision of efficient payment mechanisms and information services and facilitate a more efficient allocation of resources leading to greater real economic activity and welfare enhancement. This insight has profound significance in the context of international banking where the provision of such services can act as a means of enhancing transactions between countries. The relative increase in trade and international direct investment has strengthened the demand for international banking services in the form of trade finance, working capital finance for foreign investment, and various types of credit facilities to support foreign investment. We maintain that the ability of international banks to satisfy this demand holds a key to fostering economic and financial development.
International banking has assumed a new dimension and significance in the light of the challenge posed by the era of globalization. The world is keenly and indeed increasingly becoming interdependent and integrated through increased trade in goods and services, capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. In this context, international banks have a vital role to play in facilitating economic and social transactions across nations. They act as facilitators and catalysts of exchange in the complex transition of goods, services, and capital, and in doing so, they contribute to achieving greater efficiency in resource allocation and higher economic growth rates for the participating nations.
1.1. Overview of international banks
International banking is an important and vital part of today’s financial world. Banks have an extensive network of branches and offices in different countries. Also, these banks are continuously in touch in order to keep the financial activity smooth. International banking is not only useful for the banks themselves, but it is also beneficial for the global economy as well. The local habitation and global involvement of the international banks contribute to the overall resources available to finance economic development. After World War II, there was a significant increase in the mobility of private funds and also the growth in the range of services provided by the banks to accommodate international transactions. It has been estimated that in 1977, the annual income from all kinds of international banking was in excess of $4 billion, and it has increased significantly since then. The motivation to deal with foreign exchange is the result of international trade transactions and the cooperation between national companies. There are also individuals who are involved in international investment, speculation, travel, and the consumption of goods and services provided by international companies. These activities call for foreign exchange transactions and also for credit and other banking facilities that are related to the international currency and capital markets. Foreign exchange dealing has become one of the most important sources of profits for many banks and it is a crucial part of modern international banking.
1.2. Importance of products and services
1. Consumer goods that have no capital use and don’t help produce other goods, called non-durable goods. These types of goods can have a symbolic value, like a suitcase. But all it has done is become old and used, while household items or electronic goods will have tangible use until they are broken. So the suitcase is not really a good investment for the economy. Durable consumer goods are things like cars and appliances, and capital goods acquired by households which can still be used or produce benefit over a period of time. Non-durable goods are not a big concern for the balance of trade since they can have little effect on the economy if they are not being replenished. It is the durable and capital goods that are more important.
An import of a good or service is intended to change the wealth of a country. In other words, imports are a flow of resources in return for goods and services. It causes the outflow of money to leave the country to pay for the imports. When trying to define what an import is, many words and phrases could be used. For example, “An import is what comes into a country from abroad. For example, France probably imported your car from Japan. The car was built in Japan and then sent to France to be sold.” Or more simply, “Imports are the flows of goods and services coming into the country.” Whatever the definition being used, the concept is still the same. Imports can take the form of:
2. Banking Products
2.1. Deposit accounts
2.2. Loans and credit facilities
2.3. Foreign exchange services
2.4. Investment and wealth management
3. Trade Finance Services
3.1. Letters of credit
3.2. Trade financing options
3.3. Export and import financing
4. Payment Services
4.1. International wire transfers
4.2. Online banking and mobile apps
4.3. Payment processing solutions
5. Risk Management Products
5.1. Foreign exchange risk hedging
5.2. Interest rate risk management
5.3. Commodity price risk management
6. Capital Markets Services
6.1. Debt and equity financing
6.2. Underwriting and advisory services
6.3. Securities trading and brokerage
7. International Wealth Management
7.1. Private banking services
7.2. Trust and estate planning
7.3. Philanthropic advisory services
8. Benefits to International Bank Clients
8.1. Access to global financial markets
8.2. Diversification of investment portfolios
8.3. Risk mitigation and hedging strategies
8.4. Efficient cross-border transactions
8.5. Expert financial advice and guidance
9. Conclusion
question
The Ethical Issues of Information Systems: Examine the ethical considerations associated with information systems. Discuss data privacy, security, and intellectual property issues.
answer
1. Introduction
If executives and their corporate culture have a strong propensity to act unethically, no device or code of conduct will stop them. Even the most comprehensively conceived legislation or code can do no more than prohibit or make mandatory certain behaviors, and it is always possible to circumvent them. However, this work is aimed at at least making organizations more aware of the ethical import of their actions, and more committed to public scrutiny and debate about whether their behaviors are defensible. The assumption is that managers will generally wish to do what is right, and will be willing to expend some effort to analyze the effects of their decisions on stakeholders. The problem is that this may be a will o’ the wisp; still, it is the condition under which any ethical analysis would have some hope of affecting decisions. The specific context for our work is the affected decisions in information systems development and operation. Here again, it is unrealistic to hope that these decisions will be guided by explicit ethical analysis. Usually, they are taken under tight budget constraints and time pressures, and the only rule is expediency. This is a recipe for decisions made in a fog of half truths, misinformation, and hidden agendasdecisions that are simultaneously the most ethically fraught, because of their great potential impact, and the least likely to be subjected to ethical scrutiny. However, it is precisely the potential of information technology for altering what we are able to do, and the relativity of these alterations to old modes of behavior that makes assessment of the impacts the decisions most urgent. And while we have no illusions about altering the prevailing mode of decision making, at a minimum we hope to sensitize trainees to the ethical import of their decisions.
1.1 Importance of Ethical Considerations
It divides the technology into three categories and investigates what information technology adds to the ethical analysis of these categories. The analysis of the first category, the internally neutral technology, leads to the conclusion that IT adds a new phase to the prevailing mode of moral reasoning. This new phase is characterized by a displacement of the subject of an action. In using conventional methods of moral reasoning to determine how to shift information from one place to another, people have simply been comparing the probable results of alternative actions upon themselves, or a client, or someone else on whose behalf they were acting. Now, with the automation of information processing, the persons who program the machines and the persons who benefit or suffer from the resulting action can be different from those who had been the original participants in conventional action. A new moral question then becomes, whether an action to secure a certain result at a long distance through a computer is the same as the earlier familiar action that achieved the result more directly. The likely answer is that there has been a change in rules permissibility with respect to that result, but to determine this and its implications will require a whole new study in casuistry. Concerning the second category to which Categorical Imperative admits only hypothetical imperatives, IT brings to light many actions which were not seen as attempts to achieve some result, but are now seen as data transmissions to change a record, and which the persons involved would not have carried out had they known that the action can be more easily and securely done at a later time. IT thus creates a new precariousness and self-referential time consumingness some actions. The analysis of the third category, morally loaded action, shows that IT places a great deal of power into the hands of those who can access specific data and programmes enabling them to make a certain action. Whether access will be in a world networked databases or by a more direct lateral entry, it will become apparent that this information access is a kind of power, i.e. ability to secure a desired result and will lead to considering an information act as a means to an end. The possibility of doing a cost efficient simulation of various acts and their probable results will bring Utilitarian calculation, while some trying to prevent the act will take the simulated results as predictions and given to last to changing said probability, there will be a whole new mode of moral reasoning for the foregoing years inaugurated by these acts and simulation. All in all, the above analysis shows that IT is a great blooming for ethicists and would be moral men who are now and will be able to study great deeds and misdeeds information age and teach conduct which before now, as mentioned above, has simply been displaced. For at this time there is no society or corporation which cannot act as a hypothetical entity, and time when IT has finished automating both public and private record, there shall be no data acts which are not as if real.
1.2 Scope of the Work
IS has been used to automate many of the routine transactions in various businesses. These transactions have to be executed repeatedly, and every time exactly the same way, or the results will be regarded as a failure. The better a job is suited to automation, the more rapidly it is likely to be automated. This has been the case in areas with high volume repetitive transaction processing such as banking and insurance. The method is to special-purpose a software and a database of the relevant information to the transactions and then incrementally refine the system and incrementally automate aspects of more complex decision making. Japan and the United States are the leading nations in IS automation. High wage nations may find it difficult to retain and outsource or automate business processes that have become commoditized. This may have long-term implications for the competitiveness of these nations. Automation is a double-sided sword. While on one hand, it will free human workers from having to do certain tasks, on the other hand, it will make their work less skilled and more vulnerable to being phased out. This is particularly true in the case of certain management decision making that can be partly automated by Artificial Intelligence and Expert systems. It has been alleged that in some industries, technology has been adopted that particularly is aimed at small-scale automation for the purpose of putting people out of work and replacing them with machines. This point is known as Technology Harms Workers and is one of the seven key topics in assessing the social and ethical impact of automation.
2. Data Privacy Issues
2.1 Collection and Use of Personal Data
2.2 Consent and Opt-Out Options
2.3 Data Breaches and Security Measures
3. Security Concerns
3.1 Cybersecurity Threats
3.2 Protecting Sensitive Information
3.3 Authentication and Access Controls
3.4 Encryption and Data Protection
4. Intellectual Property Challenges
4.1 Copyright Infringement
4.2 Plagiarism and Attribution
4.3 Fair Use and Creative Commons
5. Ethical Decision-Making in Information Systems
5.1 Ethical Theories and Frameworks
5.2 Balancing Stakeholder Interests
5.3 Ethical Leadership and Corporate Responsibility
6. Legal and Regulatory Compliance
6.1 Laws and Regulations Related to Information Systems
6.2 Compliance Challenges and Strategies
6.3 Impact of International Laws on Information Systems
7. Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
7.1 Bias and Discrimination in AI Systems
7.2 Transparency and Explainability in AI Algorithms
7.3 Accountability and Responsibility in AI Development
8. Ethical Issues in Big Data Analytics
8.1 Privacy Implications of Big Data Collection
8.2 Ethical Use of Predictive Analytics
8.3 Social and Ethical Consequences of Data Analysis
9. Ethical Considerations in Social Media and Online Platforms
9.1 Privacy Settings and User Control
9.2 Online Harassment and Cyberbullying
9.3 Manipulation of User Data and Behavioral Advertising
10. Ethical Challenges in Cloud Computing
10.1 Data Security and Protection in the Cloud
10.2 Vendor Lock-In and Data Ownership
10.3 Ethical Use of Cloud Resources
Question
The Impact of Information Systems on Business: This essay will examine how information systems have transformed how businesses operate. You could discuss how information systems have improved efficiency, productivity, and decision-making.
Answer
1. Introduction
An information system (IS) is an arrangement of data, processes, people, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support an organization. They help business operations and decision-making by providing the right information and it is long-lasting. “Information Systems are combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data” (www.informationsystems.co.uk, 2010). So IS is the integration of data and technology to support the operation and management of an organization. IS has the power to change businesses and markets, it can change the way a company does business, and it can enable new ways of conducting business in the global marketplace. The innovations of IS can change the basis of competition in an industry. Businesses can use IS to make differentiation of their products; it can provide a business with a strategic advantage and an edge over the competition. New companies can use IS to enter the market, without ever having to set up a physical shop front. These days it is imperative that a business institutes some form of IS to be successful in the current global marketplace. Failure to do so can result in a loss of custom or the company will not be able to survive in today’s demanding task-oriented society. This essay will examine the impact of IS on businesses and the requirement for businesses to keep up to date with IS in today’s fast-moving and ever-changing world.
1.1. Definition of Information Systems
Now let us see the conclusive and the most common definition provided by various authors and scholars. The information system is an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products. The information system is not necessarily a data-processing computer system. Moreover, it is a system which, as well as computer hardware and software, includes manual and non-automated systems such as a system and a programmer who is a and the people who maintain and install the computer. This definition was published in a journal called Decision Support Systems and was based on a Delphi study of IS academics.
An information system is considered a sociotechnical subsystem in which it is composed of some combination of the four elements in the social system of an organization: the technical system, an interface between the two systems, and the processes for the implementation of a new system. Through this it is hoped that the systems will make some impact on the performance of the organization in a way that is more than incremental and it will inevitably change the system that it seeks to influence. However, as the term information system is often used as a more general term to describe systems with a heavy data and data processing emphasis, some researchers prefer to label the study of system data and data processing change as opposed to change in the organization itself as the study of an information system and system which studies only those information systems which make an impact on the organization are sometimes referred to the systems and management sciences. This poses a difficulty of terminology for students wishing to orientate themselves within the study as there is concept of information system is a broad one and it is often difficult to know to which specific concepts or terms refer.
The information system, which forms the subject of this report, serves to provide those people, whether they be effective executives or academic researchers, who do not necessarily understand the nature of the concept with an opportunity to see the relevance of the concept to organizational and decision-making theory and how the concept can be made operational for purposes of empirical research. An information system is the field that is concerned with the utilization of information technology and software tools to assist the decision-making of management and its workers within an organization. The area is the subject of much theoretical debate as to whether the concept of an information system is academic, a figment of the imagination of consultancy marketers, or a reality in which managers and organizations have to exist. At the same time, and largely because of the preceding claim that the concept of an information system is relevant to organizational and decision-making theory, many academic disciplines carried on the concept in a variety of research activities all of which are relevant to the study of an information system but which, taken together, constitute an amorphous body of work which is difficult to define. And which sometimes appears to be tangential to the “real” world of organizations and data processing.
1.2. Importance of Information Systems in Business
This changing environment has a profound impact on the way business is conducted, and organizations need to use this to their advantage to keep up with the fast pace of changes in their environment. The competitive global economy is a recent phenomenon that has had an impact on the way modern organizations conduct business. The modern global information/knowledge-based economy represents new ways of conducting and competing in business. It is well known that national economies have greatly benefited from IT development and new infrastructure, which has resulted in new jobs and industries. However, it also represents a challenging environment for organizations to maintain their operations in the new global sectors. Modern organizations must use information systems throughout every aspect of the business (from HR to production and marketing) to have a chance of succeeding and remaining competitive in the new global environment.
Without information about the effects new information technologies can have on an organization, it can be difficult to justify the cost (Laudon and Laudon, 1991). This is the essence of the explanation of the importance of information systems in business. The authors believe that the modern environment of IT has a great ability to change certain aspects of organizations. They note that modern IT is very powerful and can if used correctly, change organizations by its impact on efficiency and effectiveness. They argue that the recent development of IT is a result of a shift towards an information/knowledge-based economy, and this can change modes of access and use of information for people and society.
1.3. Overview of the Essay
The essay consists of a small study on the information system and its impact on the organization and its stability in the market. An information system is a system that combines data processing, reporting, and inquiry and is considered as the heart of the organization. Technology is quickly changing and affecting the way markets work and how business is done in today’s society. It not only has a strong influence on the way the global economy works but also on individual and organizational levels and on the markets in which they operate. The increased velocity of technology has a lot to do with how information has an impact in today’s society. And the increased velocity of technology has created an information revolution that has an effect on the world economy (Data Monitor, 2001). Information technology is a very important and intelligent asset to keep organizations involved in the global market. In order for small businesses to succeed and obtain a competitive edge, they must engage in some sort of IS/IT. Whether it is automating internal processes or creating a website to reach a broader market, information technology is an efficient resource to keep a company well-informed and well ahead of its competition. Small organizations can utilize the available technology to continue operating even being very small; a well-automated home business can have an international impact. An enormous example is businesses involving e-commerce. The internet is the most efficient way to do business on a global level; using the internet is a cheap way to promote globalization for a small business. Large organizations are more obligated to use information systems due to the increasing velocity of technology and the challenges of a global marketplace to get the most efficient and effective information. Technology can benefit these large organizations in many ways; it can increase the efficiency of business processes, decision making, and work group collaboration. It paves the way for management and executives, making it easier to access unstructured information and have it presented in an easy, simple manner. It can be an intelligent way to make a quick and precise decision. Technology nowadays has the ability to automate complex tasks, so that they can be done quicker with no human error. Large organizations can create software agents that will continuously scan the environment and provide it with the information when a specific task has been completed by acting like an artificial intelligence. In today’s society, it is known that people are working harder and longer, technology can make work an easier and less stressful task and with the information revolution showing no signs of changing its course, information technology is something that will be here for a very long time.
2. Efficiency Improvement
2.1. Automation of Processes
2.2. Streamlining Workflows
2.3. Reduction of Manual Errors
3. Productivity Enhancement
3.1. Real-Time Data Access
3.2. Collaboration and Communication Tools
3.3. Integration of Business Functions
3.4. Task Management and Prioritization
4. Decision-Making Support
4.1. Data Analysis and Reporting
4.2. Predictive Analytics
4.3. Business Intelligence Systems
5. Security and Risk Management
5.1. Data Protection Measures
5.2. Cybersecurity Strategies
5.3. Disaster Recovery Planning
6. Customer Relationship Management
6.1. Customer Data Management
6.2. Personalized Marketing Strategies
6.3. Enhanced Customer Service
7. Supply Chain Optimization
7.1. Inventory Management Systems
7.2. Demand Forecasting
7.3. Logistics and Distribution
8. Globalization and Market Expansion
8.1. E-commerce and Online Marketplaces
8.2. Virtual Collaboration Tools
8.3. International Business Operations
9. Conclusion
9.1. Summary of the Impact of Information Systems
9.2. Future Trends and Challenges
question
The Role of Information Systems in Society: This essay would explore the broader impact of information systems on society. You could discuss how information systems have changed the way we communicate, learn, and work.
answer
1. Introduction
Information technology has hit society full force. No longer are corporations in the business of providing a product or service, they are now in the business of providing information. The latest and greatest information provides a competitive edge, and therefore greatly impacts the way business is done. Electronic storage of information has become the norm, and with this, information systems are born. The backbone of information systems is the concept of data. Data is a collection of raw, unstructured facts with little or no defined relationship to a given context. Capturing data is an easy task, but capturing the right data is a difficult task. Data technology is an industry that is skyrocketing. It is the skills that surround the capture, retention, use, and management of data. Data technology has a direct correlation on the effectiveness of information systems. Capturing the right data is a critical success factor. For example, it is not the consumers’ up-to-date weather conditions, but rather the airlines needing to know the weather conditions at an airport in which they have a flight scheduled. Data needs vary between organizations, and spending money on the capture of the right data can reap large rewards. With the right data in hand, it is then possible to manipulate the data to produce information. This involves the use of analytical models and query languages to assist in decision support. This is essentially using the information systems knowledge to automate a decision that would be made. Information produced from the right data can greatly influence an organization’s actions.
1.1 Definition of Information Systems
An information system “collects, processes, stores, analyses, and disseminates information for a specific purpose” (Laudon and Laudon, 1991:10). This in itself is quite a broad definition and there are many examples to try and also define what an information system is. Examples of information systems used are highly diverse ranging from very technical scientific systems using computing, sensors and networking, to more straightforward file-based systems. Intelligence systems are used by organizations to collect information for some purpose and to make the information easily accessible. An example of an information system that is widely used in today’s organizations can be a good old file hierarchy that is used in Windows. The system arranges documents stored on the disk by allowing the user to group files into a hierarchy of directories and sub-directories and also allows documents to be retrieved by saving the path name. Finally, there are the compute and automation systems. These systems are more complex and involve a greater degree of computing. An example of a compute system would be something like a complex database system with fire application to automate the generation of purchase orders.
Information systems can be looked at in a few ways ranging from their use, benefits and overall purpose. A great case can be made that they have become so intertwined with what we do that they have become a fundamental tool in the success and survival of organizations. The following will examine what an information system is, and the usefulness and functionality of this system in the modern business world. In doing so we will find out why information systems are so important to the operation and success of today’s organizations.
1.2 Importance of Information Systems in Society
The main reason why information systems are so important in the world of business today is because they provide a method for businesses to effectively use the information they gather. The general convenience and effectiveness of information systems is the key point on what really makes them important to businesses, as it’s a known fact that without them, the information gathered can only be of use to a certain extent, and in some cases not at all. An example of this would be from a previous personal experience working within an organization possessing somewhat of an information system based on an inventory management system. A manual method of data entry was mainly used, which the information gathered could only provide knowledge of what stock they had, and no indications of sales trends on certain products, or whether certain products were providing more revenue than others. Today, this organization still exists and has since implemented a more effective information system that would allow them to gather information and fully utilize it with an ongoing trend of data entry, providing greater success in the future from the conclusions that will be drawn from the information gathered today.
The importance of information systems in the world of business is a very essential part as well as a key player on whether organizations will be successful in their business ventures or not. For smaller businesses, the emphasis on more tactical systems, such as inventory control or systems for processing transactions, is a very high priority, which without, their business could take a turn for the worse. For larger organizations, the focus on more strategic information systems would be more geared towards a fully fledged system that can provide a series of information and an in-depth analysis of the information gathered. This is why no matter what kind of system an organization specifically wants to design and implement, the emphasis on the importance of information systems is essential in today’s business world.
2. Communication
2.1 Evolution of Communication through Information Systems
2.2 Role of Information Systems in Social Media
2.3 Impact of Information Systems on Global Connectivity
3. Learning
3.1 Transformation of Education with Information Systems
3.2 Online Learning Platforms and Information Systems
3.3 Access to Information and Knowledge
3.4 Gamification and Information Systems in Education
4. Work
4.1 Automation and Efficiency in the Workplace
4.2 Collaboration and Information Systems
4.3 Remote Work and Information Systems
4.4 Data Analysis and Decision Making in Business
5. Privacy and Security
5.1 Challenges of Information Systems in Privacy Protection
5.2 Cybersecurity and Information Systems
5.3 Ethical Considerations in Information Systems
6. Conclusion
6.1 Recap of the Impact of Information Systems on Society
6.2 Future Trends and Implications
QUESTION
Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:
What is the importance of agile marketing in health care?
Link:
forbes.com/sites/forbescommunicationscouncil/2018/02/27/how-marketing-will-play-a-critical-role-in-the-american-health-care-system/?sh=29d289f423d6
ANSWER
1. Introduction
As we have already begun to understand, the number of settings where patients can be informed of certain medical issues is almost endless. Throughout this research, a plan was developed and executed to test how effective agile marketing would be in the prevention of a common health issue. The plan involved four steps. The first step was to define the issue, what the implications were of the issue, and how to prevent it. The second step was to provide the defined information to patients using different resources and measure the impact of how well the information was retained. The third step was to compare the information retention rates to that of a control group, and the final step was to use the feedback from the compare and contrast results to define a best practice to be used in informing patients on any health issue at the specific setting chosen. Step one involves a great deal of preliminary research on the health issue and the target population. This is where the agile marketing process begins to take place. With the defined information needing to be translated to the public, a manageable complex plan using the resources available will need to be developed. This process can be done over and over until the research team feels that the target population will fully understand the health issue and preventive measures. After the plan is created and the information is translated to the public, the compare and contrast of information retention mentioned in step three will help identify if the plan was consistently and effectively used. And finally, with the feedback of the compare and contrast, a best practice can be defined to inform patients on any health issue at the setting in the future.
Agile marketing is a unique methodology that enables marketers to effectively manage complex projects. In the healthcare industry, this methodology can be useful when interacting with consumers or when seeking to inform the public of a concerning new health ailment. This essay discusses the use of agile marketing in healthcare, mainly in hospitals and specialist care organizations, to test the effectiveness of informing patients on preventive health measures. The healthcare industry settings that were examined in this research were effective in allowing patients to be informed about potential health issues and how to prevent them. This research allows the reader to understand how agile marketing can be used in healthcare settings and the effects of how patients will interpret the information given to them.
1.1. Definition of Agile Marketing
Agile marketing refers to a marketing strategy that involves an iterative and incremental approach to marketing. It is an approach that is used mainly in software development to help companies respond to unpredictability. This method emphasizes creating small projects that generate small but positive results. The main theory behind the Agile method is to focus on improvement for the team and customer and constantly evaluate if those changes are going in the right direction. There are many types of Agile marketing, but in all of the types of Agile marketing, the goal is to be able to change the direction of a campaign, product, or entire company on a dime. Agile marketing may use this change of direction to their advantage for their customer and increase value in the current product. An important part of Agile marketing is to know the difference between effectiveness and efficiency. In traditional marketing, there is a focus on doing things right, but in Agile marketing, there is a focus on doing the right things, and part of that is knowing the productivity of marketing operations. In the current state of Agile marketing, the focus is mainly knowledge about the customer and team collaboration, and the future state is customer and competitor focus, and the internet as the biggest turn is when the company has drawn significant results.
1.2. Overview of Health Care Industry
The health care industry is a vast, global, and growing industry. It is a field that affects everyone, no matter what race, culture, or nation in which they reside. In the year 2000, the world spent $3.4 trillion on health care, which averages out to $582 for each of the 6 billion people on the planet. Projections place this figure at 8.7 trillion by 2020. The health care industry is a field that will continue to grow in parallel with population growth. Furthermore, it is an industry with a vast number of challenges to address, and the experience and expertise of many other industries. Thus, it can be said that the health care industry has never had more importance than it does today.
The health care industry is, without a doubt, the most important sector in the world today. It is the one industry tasked with providing and improving the health of the people. Primarily, the health care industry is involved in the treatment and prevention of disease. It is comprised of many sectors and is a very complex sector in countries around the world. The overall health of the nation is determined by the performance of the health care industry. Therefore, any efficiencies and improvements made in the health care sector will have an overall positive impact on the nation.
2. Benefits of Agile Marketing in Health Care
2.1. Increased Flexibility and Adaptability
2.2. Enhanced Patient Engagement
2.3. Improved Time to Market for New Services
3. Implementing Agile Marketing in Health Care
3.1. Establishing Cross-Functional Teams
3.2. Utilizing Data-Driven Decision Making
3.3. Embracing Continuous Improvement
4. Challenges of Agile Marketing in Health Care
4.1. Regulatory and Compliance Considerations
4.2. Balancing Speed and Quality of Care
4.3. Overcoming Resistance to Change
5. Case Studies: Successful Agile Marketing in Health Care
5.1. Hospital A: Improving Patient Satisfaction Scores
5.2. Clinic B: Launching a Telemedicine Program
5.3. Pharmaceutical Company C: Agile Product Development
6. Future Trends in Agile Marketing for Health Care
6.1. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications
6.2. Personalized Medicine and Targeted Marketing
6.3. Integration of Agile Marketing with Patient Electronic Health Records
7. Conclusion
Question
Child Development
Speak with two parents of young children who are of distinctly different cultural groups in your class or in your neighborhood. I encourage you to ask questions about what children are like and how they should be educated.
The following questions might be considered: What learning and behaviors should be expected of children ages birth through age 2? What should teachers do to ensure that children are learning? What should classrooms for these the age groups be like?
Take your notes from both interviews and write a one page summary reflection on the questions below:
How were the two parents’ answers different? How were they alike?
Which sources of information does the adult use to answer these questions? For example, does this adult rely on research? On systematic observation? On personal opinion?
To what degree do answers reflect family background, culture, or other life experiences? For example, does this adult rely on beliefs passed down from parents or other family members? Does this adult refer to conditions in the neighborhood or community that influence thinking about children?
What can you conclude about cultural differences in parenting beliefs and practices?
Answer
1. Introduction
By both focusing on a specific set of infant care practices and customs and using diverse measures of predictor variables, we hope to present a rich and detailed picture of the development of parenting during the transition to parenthood. The content of this book reflects various interests and concerns that grew out of this prospective study, as well as earlier research. We examine cultural differences on a number of variables and constantly compare findings to the existing literature on parenting and cultural comparisons. We examine the socialization and social cognitive mechanisms by which sociodemographic factors operate to influence parenting and various moderating influences on cultural differences in parenting.
The study focused on parents of firstborn infants, as several studies we have done in anticipation of this book have shown that the transition to parenthood is different after the first child, and also because we felt it important to be able to present a comprehensive picture of beliefs and practices across the age span of infancy. For the present study, data on beliefs and practices were gathered when the infant was 3 months old and were focused on the use of three infant care customs: swaddling, supine infant sleep, and breastfeeding, on which there are cultural differences and for which the epidemiological evidence is clear on outcomes that have implications for infant morbidity and mortality. Data on the predictors were gathered at recruitment and at 6 months postpartum.
This book was developed to examine the diversity of beliefs and practices that parents of infants hold and to report on a study that tested the hypothesis that for European American and African American parents, individual differences in sociodemographic characteristics, psychological functioning, and life stress would be related to concomitant differences in beliefs and practices.
2. Learning and Behaviors Expected of Children
2.1. Cognitive Development
2.2. Language Development
2.3. Motor Skills Development
2.4. Social and Emotional Development
3. Ensuring Children’s Learning
3.1. Creating a Stimulating Environment
3.2. Providing Age-Appropriate Toys and Activities
3.3. Encouraging Exploration and Curiosity
3.4. Establishing Routines and Consistency
4. Classroom Environment for Children Ages Birth through Age 2
4.1. Safe and Childproofed Spaces
4.2. Comfortable and Nurturing Atmosphere
4.3. Age-Appropriate Learning Materials
4.4. Opportunities for Play and Social Interaction
5. Differences and Similarities in Parental Answers
5.1. Variation in Expectations and Priorities
5.2. Commonalities in Developmental Milestones
5.3. Diverse Approaches to Learning Strategies
6. Sources of Information for Parental Answers
6.1. Research Studies and Scientific Findings
6.2. Personal Observations and Experiences
6.3. Advice from Pediatricians and Childcare Professionals
6.4. Recommendations from Family and Friends
7. Influence of Family Background, Culture, and Life Experiences
7.1. Cultural Traditions and Beliefs
7.2. Impact of Socioeconomic Factors
7.3. Neighborhood and Community Influences
7.4. Historical and Generational Influences
8. Cultural Differences in Parenting Beliefs and Practices
8.1. Variations in Discipline and Behavior Management
8.2. Attitudes towards Independence and Autonomy
8.3. Importance of Extended Family and Community Support
8.4. Influence of Cultural Values and Norms
9. Conclusion
QUESTION
The Importance of Data Security in Information Systems: highlight the importance of data security in information systems. Discuss the different types of data security threats and how to mitigate them.
ANSWER
1. Introduction
Given these issues, it is necessary to have a clearer understanding of data security and measures that can improve it. These concepts are not only important for computer scientists but a wide range of IT professionals. It is thus appropriate to provide an analysis of the data security area that focuses on concepts and problems rather than delving into technical detail.
In a related matter, the health information of individuals is now being stored and transferred electronically between health providers using an electronic health record (EHR). The sharing of this information has enormous benefits to patient care, and it can also be lifesaving in emergency situations. Yet these systems also bring new challenges for data security and the potential for breaches in patient confidentiality.
We cannot discuss data security and its importance to any given organization without also discussing the implications of data security in national and global systems. The events of September 11, 2001, and more recently, the Madrid and London bombings have led to increased requirements for intelligence and data sharing between government agencies. While this has clear benefits in crime prevention and national security, it does raise very serious issues about data security and the implications of unauthorized access.
Data security is a serious issue for many organizations these days. Unauthorized access to data can lead to serious financial losses and can damage an organization’s reputation. With the increasing reliance on data systems to store and retrieve information for decision support, the security of data has become more and more critical.
1.1. Definition of data security
The meaning of ‘data security’ is defending digital information, in opposition to data defense being the protection of data to make sure that it is not modified. Data security is designed to invoke certain aspects of data’s integrity – this meaning its accuracy and consistency, its confidentiality – meaning that only those who are authorized can access it or know it exists, and its availability meaning that the data can be accessed by those who need it. Confidentiality is preserved through the use of encryption preventing unauthorized users or viewers from interpreting the data. Integrity is closely related to confidentiality in its requirement that data is free from unauthorized alteration or destruction. As integrity relates to availability a date that cannot be accessed does not have integrity and thus timely and authorized access is also a necessity of secure data. This classification for aspects of data security provides a useful approach when considering how to defend data. We can decode that throughout the primary role of data security is to deny the access of unauthorized users to the data in question, this denial taking place through a variety of methods involving technology and procedural work. This is quite a basic way of viewing the intention of data security and the value of data ranging from person to person and organization to organization means that different data will have different requirements for the level security it needs. From simple features such as passwords on files for home users to complex and specific security measures in use for large organizations these methods are essential in denying access to data to those who should not have access to it. The next stage in data security’s main intention is the maintenance of said access denial, this is not enough to simply deny access on a one of basis someone failing to access data that they should not be able to is an occurrence that happens at all levels and the more damaging unauthorized data access is often occurrence that user will try repeatedly try to achieve. This requires the maintenance of an access denial stance and the prevention of unauthorized data access or in the recent examples of data security theory and build data recovery. The recovery of data that has been lost or compromised is an essential aspect of the availability importance of data today and the prevention of repeat data loss or compromise is the best way to maintain the state of data. Though not all data recovery is an act trying to recover data lost through being denied access, sometimes an incorrect alteration of data can cause integrity loss and in some cases attempts to alter or destroy data are the cause of why the data has been accessed in the first place.
1.2. Significance of data security in information systems
With such high stakes, it is clear that data security is crucial. Yet data and systems security is under constant threat from a wide variety of sources: internal and external, intentional and accidental. You mention intentional destruction and release of data is a constant and increasing threat. The recent huge growth in the use of the internet and mobile computing has led to a rise in security incidents and breaches from sources such as denial of service, viruses, and theft or interception of data in transmission. In the modern global environment, the value and vulnerability of organisational data means that it is a target as never before and the threats will continue to increase. This is certainly a case where the best form of defence is attack, and with security incidents becoming almost inevitable, there must be plans and resources for damage limitation and quick recovery.
Lost information can result in direct financial losses, but also in long-term competitive damage. The less tangible costs include lost productivity and goodwill, possible legal liabilities, and erosion of customer and shareholder confidence. In extreme cases, loss of data can lead to complete failure of the organisation. For example, a recent survey of UK companies revealed that 57% suffered from data loss sufficient to affect their business, and that of these, 43% never recover and 29% close down within 2 years. Similar figures have been reported in the USA.
1.3. Purpose of the essay
The purpose of this particular essay is to discuss the importance of data security in information systems. In doing so, a deeper understanding of the risks and solutions will be elaborated. The main focus will be on the threats to information systems, the impacts if security is compromised and what can be done to heighten security. This would explain why data security is of such importance when speaking of information systems, and seek to persuade the reader to believe the same. This is an important matter in the world we live in, as the technology age is upon us. More and more of our daily tasks are being simplified by information systems of all forms, and it is crucial to be aware of the vulnerabilities to these systems and how to protect the information within them. Failure to do so will result in far too many negative consequences, and by raising awareness of these issues we can go some way to preventing them.
2. Types of Data Security Threats
2.1. Malware attacks
2.2. Phishing and social engineering
2.3. Insider threats
2.4. Physical theft and loss
2.5. Data breaches
3. Mitigating Data Security Threats
3.1. Implementing strong access controls
3.2. Regularly updating and patching software
3.3. Conducting employee training and awareness programs
3.4. Encrypting sensitive data
3.5. Backing up data
4. Importance of Data Security Policies
4.1. Establishing data security policies and procedures
4.2. Enforcing data classification and handling guidelines
4.3. Monitoring and auditing data access
4.4. Incident response and recovery plans
4.5. Continuous improvement and adaptation of policies
5. Data Privacy Regulations and Compliance
5.1. Overview of data privacy regulations
5.2. Impact of non-compliance
5.3. Steps to ensure compliance
5.4. Data protection officer role
5.5. International data transfer considerations
6. Emerging Trends in Data Security
6.1. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in data security
6.2. Blockchain technology for enhanced data security
6.3. Internet of Things (IoT) and data security challenges
6.4. Cloud computing and data security considerations
6.5. Biometric authentication and data protection
7. Conclusion
7.1. Recap of the importance of data security in information systems
7.2. Call to action for organizations to prioritize data security
7.3. Final thoughts on the topic
Question
For each policy (Social Security Act, Economic Opportunity Act, Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act), briefly:
Explain how the policy is addressed at the federal, state, and local level. (Florida)
What programs were developed from this policy?
Reflect on how the policy affects or may affect your community, geographic area, or potential clients.
Then, address this unique prompt for this weeks Quick Guide:
Identify one opportunity for change for one of the policies.
Note: For the Policy Quick Guides, there is no specific page count. Rather, strive to concisely capture the vital information for each policy, much like you would find in a reference book or other encyclopedia style resource. You must, however, use correct grammar and an academic writing style.
Answer
1. Social Security Act
Prior to the Social Security Act, assistance to the elderly, the chronically ill, and the needy came from family members, local town relief, charity, and mutual aid. However, public assistance was merely a minor element in these sources of aid. Most families were not able to afford to provide support and security for their elderly family members. Due to the ongoing economic hardships during the first few years, the legislations surrounding the Old Age Revolving Pensions were unpopular to the public. The bills were being constantly revised before they were legislated and the Governors in both California and Florida, states where the laws were successfully put into practice, have found the necessary criteria for the pension ridiculous and impossible to fulfill. In 1933, President Roosevelt set up the Committee on Economic Security in order to formulate new proposals for the establishment of some kind of economic security for the American people. One year later, the committee proposed several measures in order to eliminate the hazards of modern life, provide for the general welfare and protect children, the dependent, handicapped and the aged. The Social Security Act was signed into law by President Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. In addition to several provisions for general welfare, the new Act created a social insurance program designed to pay retired workers age 65 or older a continuing income after retirement. I am going to provide a detailed perspective of the political and social climate that provided the framework for the new law. I will also examine in depth the provisions of the Social Security Act and attempt to justify why and how the Act was passed. In order to answer this inquiry, I am going to start by analyzing the various social groups of people in the American community and their respective attitudes to the Act. Then I would analyze the political parties, the Government, the attitude of the Supreme Court and how different states envisage about the Act. I would then link the wider picture back to the main question and form an overall conclusion.
1.1. Federal, State, and Local Addressing
The federal government delegates the responsibility to manage social welfare programs to state and local governments. Most states, except for Hawaii, have state-supervised programs for helping the needy and low-income families. There is a federal Department of Health and Human Services that works with state social welfare agencies. It is the DHS that manages the TANF program and Social Security Programs to an extent. This division has been subtle historically, but in the contemporary era, state and local agencies have been given more freedom in designing social welfare programs that cater to the needs of their own population. Such flexibility is identified as ‘state flexibility’ in the scholarly world. Furthermore, states have the option to either run the program themselves or hire a non-profit organization. This being said, social welfare in the United States, in terms of its structural construction, is highly decentralized. OTDA is established to supervise the administration and planning of social welfare programs in local agencies. Local social welfare agencies and departments are funded by local government and they offer social services. Maslow’s theory of self-actualization has been implemented in social welfare programs in the United States. Based on the idea that people strive for existence, society should help the lower stratum society with food, shelter, and other basic needs so that they can eventually achieve self-actualization. The federal social welfare policy and its programs are the results of the practical application of knowledge and the theory mentioned above. The federal government runs different kinds of social welfare programs, but state social welfare programs are various; they often have different names and differ from one state to another. Adult Protective Services or Children and Family Services are examples of local programs. These programs are funded by the Social Services Block Grant. Albeit local social programs vary across the nation, they are all designed to benefit the vulnerable groups in society. Social welfare programs mainly focus on the health and well-being of the public. Public interest and involvement are the fundamental basis of running social welfare programs. All social welfare programs require that recipients be a United States citizen or a qualified alien. Every program has its financial criteria. The applicants must fall under the financial criteria and situation in order to be a recipient. The distribution of resources is a key issue in society and has fueled philosophical debates as to what is the best way to help the greatest number of people. The emergence of capitalism brought about social reform in the shape of the New Deal. The formation of the New Deal Coalition and widespread criticism by the ‘Dixiecrats’ culminated in sweeping civil rights reforms in the 1960s. The 1960s saw an era where social welfare programs could be seen from local happenings to international implications. From the Civil Rights Movements to the Vietnam War, the war on poverty and President Johnson’s ‘Great Society’ programs have had a major impact on social welfare throughout the nation. These country-wide programs have also given more weight to state flexibility and the reformation of local programs; social welfare in the United States has reached a new height because people started to believe in the theory of Change through Social Action. The theory suggests that a social reform initiated by a powerful governing body will in turn lead to a change in social welfare provision that can be seen and implemented. Every state has different names for its social welfare programs and the programs vary from state to state. In the next section, I will demonstrate the differences between some of the local social welfare programs.
1.2. Developed Programs
As time goes on and the political and social culture continue to change, it is imperative that researchers continue to track how different programs of the Social Security Administration adopt to those changes, to better understand the impact of those changes on the different populations who benefit from the programs, and to provide new ideas for changes and new programs. It is the hope of many in the field that as progress in research is made and as new challenges emerge for the population, the next generations of programs in the field of social insurance, the programs which help work the disabled and the various programs of the SSA, will continue to increase the guards against the dependency of those most vulnerable in our society and to provide help and support to those in need.
OPC, or Older Persons’ Clinic, is a program pioneering at Connecticut and Michigan. The objective of the program is to try and create a partnership between the Social Security Administration and medical providers for early and accurate diagnosis and enhanced treatment of illness and injury in older patients. Its purpose is to shorten the period during which persons are impaired, and more importantly to avoid inappropriate hospitalization and to postpone dependency. It boasts a more widespread Chic and Non-CHIC projects. CHIC, Community Health Intervention Committee, is a service that provides needs for the poor and uninsured. It was initially part of a project funded by the federal government; however, it expanded and turned into two levels of help to the community. The main focus is prevention. On the other hand, Non-CHIC was created and has flourished under the SSA’s Benefit Expert Program. The purpose of these projects is to provide the financial and outreach benefit expertise of social work professionals to Medicare beneficiaries, their families, and caretakers in local communities. OPC and CHIC are notable for their ability to connect and establish a functioning network between different medical providers in the effective and efficient treatment and promotion of healthy living tailored to older patients, as to extend the independence period of the older patients’ pre-disability. On the other hand, Non-CHIC projects are noted for their ability to help in shaping the healthcare delivery system and for providing necessary service to allow the elderly to sustain independence and improved standard of living.
In addition to creating a financial safety net for individuals too old to work or who have lost their employment, the various reforms over time have sought to expand and change the programs focused on existing categories of aid, like single-family aid to families with dependent children into TANF. TANF, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, is a program that gives temporary financial assistance to pregnant women and families with one or more dependent children. The program is meant to help parents become self-sufficient while promoting conditions that support two-parent families. This program has been held up by proponents of the ‘devolution revolution’ because it gives extensive flexibility to the states in making decisions about how to spend the money they receive. Additionally, the states are responsible for designing their own programs, setting specific benefits levels, and establishing who is eligible for the benefits. Because TANF allows such flexibility to the states, scholars suggest that it gives the states a unique opportunity to reshape their welfare systems aggressively. It is the first of the major and minor key programs of the SSA that focus on the working-age population through the theory of social insurance.
1.3. Impact on Community
The Social Security Act, as well as the newer policies and programs established, have made a significant impact on the community: depression-era laws still being much of the programs that exist today. Public welfare in particular, which is one of the more well-known provisions within the Social Security Act, has somewhat of a dubious reputation as being a federal program designed for the poor to which both state and federal governments contribute. However, in its earliest history, public welfare was never designed with the intention that it would become today’s primary support system for the poverty stricken. For example, medical programs funded under the Social Security Act have been developed, aid to the blind was put forward, and aid to dependent children has been established.
1.4. Opportunity for Change
Before the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act is signed, it has been creating different chances for change, especially in the field of social welfare. This new act, which emphasizes the activity and responsibility of persons receiving federal assistance, continues the trend of shifting the federal government’s role in social welfare. However, the changes are not just confined to the different acts that have been made on the deep change in the overall social welfare administration in the country over the years. The policies movement from either a residual or institutional perspective to one of a workfare policy – viewing the social welfare program as a means to maintain or increase the social order through the effective use of work activities, promotion of individual responsibility, and community resources. From the past, it is clear that when there is political unrest, policies – especially the legislation and budget – will change regularly. Power is extremely vital in social welfare, and it is believed that changes are not to be made according to the needs of the poor and distrusted groups but rather the interests of the power and the higher classes. From the act of changing the different federal and state laws to the chain in either the bureaucratic or the street-level administration, the influence of policies and politics is the prime movers. The introduction of broad policy advancements to reach a workfare direction and reforms including the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act does not end the development of policies and programs but only marks the latest advancement. Programming techniques and service delivery methodologies are believed to be seriously affected by the changes in policies and change process. It is said that with every new amendment act or new act introduced, they will create different opportunities and chances for professionals who are working in the field to introduce new programs or new projects so as to exploit the benefit of the new acts. The limited extension of these benefits will create the opportunity for major providers who enjoy a close relationship with the key decision-makers or politicians to dominate the planning for the new project or proposals. It creates the difficulty for small operators who lack the necessary power and influence to suggest new programs that could compete with their existing ones and so the social welfare resource may not be effectively utilized.
2. Economic Opportunity Act
2.1. Federal, State, and Local Addressing
2.2. Developed Programs
2.3. Impact on Community
2.4. Opportunity for Change
3. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
3.1. Federal, State, and Local Addressing
3.2. Developed Programs
3.3. Impact on Community
3.4. Opportunity for Change
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