1. Introduction

– Research Questions During the introduction of the research, two questions have raised. First of all, it seems to be easier to measure the success in the drug programs, comparing to providing insight into the reasons why the changes have to be made. Therefore, through this research, I would like to find out the evidence that supported the changes in the drug problem made between the past 10 years. It is necessary to address the changing of the drug problems – instead of reviewing the measures to improve the current situation. Secondly, seeking the reasons to explain the changes in current drug problems, the research could explore the potential causative and contributory factors that drive the changes.- Background Information This research is based on the city of Birmingham, although changes in the drug problem do appear to be similar in many of the urban centers throughout the UK. Birmingham city is located in the West Midlands, which is the fourth larger city in England. According to the UK national treatment outcome research study in 2006, there were over 280,000 problematic drug users in England. In Birmingham, the work done by the Birmingham Community Safety Partnership and the National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse has recorded 11,285 people received treatment for drugs or alcohol problems during 2004/05. However, it is worth saying the UK’s drug strategy focuses on rehabilitation, not punishment. The public in the UK mostly takes drug problems as a public health problem. In the current UK drug strategy 2008-2018, the seven areas of the outcomes were given, and the completion and the success of these strategic directions are going to be measured on the plan’s life of 10 years to improve the government’s drug strategy. Last but not least, plenty of funding and supporting organizations to reach these 7 outcomes data, that is one of the reasons that the research will focus more on the changes of the UK’s drug problem rather than other countries.- The Purpose of the Study The main focus of the research is to evidence the changes in the drug problem in the past ten years and find out the reasons that caused these changes. It is going to identify the UK’s current model and own response about drugs. The research aims to provide a whole new approach to understanding how drug problems change and reasons for changes, necessary to address the changing of the trends as well. Also, the research may give more impetus to examine community-based responses and use the successful UK model to develop a wider international strategy regarding the control of the drug problem.The drug problem is global and affects an immense amount of the world’s population, but still, there is no effective way to alleviate it. Drug abuse is something that can affect a person’s life, leading to painful lessons being learned and personal freedom being snatched away in that jail cell of isolation, locked away in a world of addicted misery. Combating the drug problem is one of the main goals for many global organizations. Not all of the individuals suffering from drug abuse are strangers – their family, friends, and also the community will be affected by the drug problems. This research aims to find the changes in the drug problem and seek the reasons to explain the changes. The research seeks to examine the UK situation with respect to illicit drug use and related anti-social and criminal behavior. Also, the step of the successful UK model and the responded effectiveness for the current drug problem is going to be analyzed. The research hopes to provide insight into the main reasons causing the changes in the drug problems.

1.1. Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to seek evidence of changes in the drug problem in recent years. It hopes to do so through the cross-analysis of existing qualitative and quantitative studies on the issue, combined with the empirical study conducted by our research team. The study will not only provide an overview of the current and historical changes in the drug problem, but also identify the limitations in the existing research. This would, to some extent, lay the foundation of future research in this area. Last but not least, after providing the current evidence of the drug problem through the literature review and the empirical study, the study will then focus on different strategies and intervention measures found in the current policies. Well evidenced own “Dunning-Kruger” effect, and the bad side of it. Create more significant theories/examples and modify the words.

1.2. Background Information

There have been many previous studies on drug users and drug-related crimes. The first large-scale epidemiological study of drug dependence in the United States was the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. Conducted from 1979 to 1991, this study surveyed non-institutionalized individuals in five communities across the United States. It found that about 76 percent of those with a “contact” diagnosis of drug dependence also had a diagnosis of a co-occurring mental health disorder. More recently, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has conducted the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). This is the primary source of statistical information on substance use in the U.S. and is directed at identifying prevention and treatment needs. The survey interviews approximately 70,000 randomly selected individuals, who are 12 years or older, on an annual basis. This study has continuously been funded from 1991 and has an infrastructure designed to evolve and also take advantage of advancements in survey methodology. Lastly, one of the newest and most comprehensive studies on drug abuse is the GAIN (The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs) study, conducted by Chestnut Health Systems. This study not only includes questions about a wide range of mental health and substance use disorders, but also collects administrative data. It aims to be able to provide a comprehensive assessment of individuals with potential need for substance abuse treatment. Through the collection of biological, psychological, and administrative data concurrently, there is potential for this study to provide valuable insight into both the physiological traits of a drug user and the effectiveness of certain publicly funded treatment programs. Such programs have been the focus of the majority of this type of study, since policy makers need evidence for the efficacy of the programs that they are funding. These studies could potentially give insight into the most effective ways to structure treatment programs and it is evident that is an area that warrants more research. This has been the focus of many investigative studies, which can help inform the qualitative literature that is available. Given the recent practical and political shifts towards greater integration of biological and psychological treatment methods, these studies are also vital in giving understanding to the law and lawmakers. Such evidence-based results may be used in amending substances of the Controlled Substances Act and in providing scientific support for new and novel addiction treatments. All of these studies share the common goal of providing actionable data that may inform policymakers and treatment facilities alike. Coupled with the shift towards biological and standardized qualitative studies, there is great potential for a more effective and well-informed legislative front against drug abuse and misuse. These studies are ongoing, committing to providing accurate and up-to-date statistics reflecting the prevalent nature of drug abuse in today’s society. This, along with the advance of technology crucial to biological analyses, holds much promise for the coming fight against drug abuse and is a sphere in which great progress is expected over the next few decades.

1.3. Research Questions

Research questions are important and necessary in guiding the collection of evidence and the analysis of data. In this study, the research questions are specifically focused on offering an understanding of the trends in drug-related crimes and the criminal justice system in combating crime. The research questions are succinctly and precisely stated with the research objectives. Firstly, the study seeks to find out whether specific demographic factors such as gender, race, and age can be used to explain the differences in the patterns of drug abuse and dependence syndrome in the United States. The demographic factors have been included in the DSM-IV classification for drug dependence syndrome and abuse. Previous studies have reported significant differences in relation to the prevalence of drug abuse and dependence syndrome according to the type of drugs. Would similar findings be found in relation to the type of drugs, in particular cocaine abuse? A third question that future research can consider is whether there are specific social and economic consequences associated with drug abuse. Research into cocaine abuse has recently focused upon what is known as the drug abuse pathway. Various studies have found evidence for the fact that adolescent drug abuse leads to further adult dependence. Adolescents who persistently abuse drugs often experience an array of problems including academic difficulties, health problems, poor peer relationships, and involvement in serious drug abuse. Adolescents’ brains are still in the developmental stage, and prolonged drug abuse can alter the developmental course of the brain and can result in the patient not being able to control his actions and even his emotions. All of these may warrant further investigation. Promising candidates for the neurobiological effects of drug withdrawal can include, for example, the corticotropin-releasing hormonal system and systems related to the locus coeruleus. Future research may wish to focus on the subjective senses of distress and attempts to cope from the various types of withdrawal symptomatology. The research questions are likely to provide guidance on the pathways and getting the most from your efforts. Future research can focus on the validity of a particular theory. For instance, whether the focus on the genetic basis for cocaine abuse is more justified than a focus on the genetic basis for alcohol abuse. Future research can also seek to study the differences in the healthcare provision and health outcomes for other nations as well.

2. Methodology

2.1. Data Collection

2.2. Sampling Techniques

2.3. Data Analysis

3. Trends in Drug Use

3.1. Historical Overview

3.2. Current Drug Use Patterns

3.3. Demographic Factors

4. Drug-Related Crimes

4.1. Types of Drug-Related Crimes

4.2. Regional Variations

4.3. Impact on Society

5. Treatment and Rehabilitation

5.1. Available Treatment Options

5.2. Success Rates

5.3. Challenges in Rehabilitation

6. Prevention and Education

6.1. School-Based Programs

6.2. Community Initiatives

6.3. Campaigns and Awareness

7. Policy and Legislation

7.1. Current Drug Policies

7.2. Effectiveness of Legal Measures

7.3. International Cooperation

8. Social and Economic Consequences

8.1. Impact on Families

8.2. Economic Burden

8.3. Public Health Concerns

9. Emerging Drug Trends

9.1. New Substances

9.2. Online Drug Markets

9.3. Changing Consumption Patterns

10. Evaluating Intervention Programs

10.1. Program Design and Implementation

10.2. Outcome Evaluation

10.3. Best Practices

11. Conclusion

11.1. Summary of Findings

11.2. Implications for Future Research

11.3. Recommendations

1. Introduction

In addition, in the last few years, technology’s presence in the healthcare field has been increasing. It is changing the way in which doctors and nurses use technology to provide care, and it’s constantly evolving. In as little as ten years, technology has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. So, this article “Technology’s Expanding Role in Nursing and Medicine” will provide a comprehensive overview of how technology has expanded in the healthcare field and its impact on modern medicine. The aim of this work is to change and eliminate society’s current view of nurses and help make a difference in the standard of care. As technology has evolved, and will continue to do so, healthcare professionals must keep up with these changes. This article will reflect the potential research area as the discoveries about technology in today’s modern world are growing, and new technological methods are being introduced in the medical field. Moreover, understanding what harm and benefits may come from technology is crucial. This is because the development of new technologies continually raises new ethical issues for healthcare. Some know that nurses and doctors usually have more well-defined roles. For example, it is usually expected that at the start of a shift, a doctor will take blood pressures and temperature checks in order to detect which patients are deteriorating, and then review the list of jobs that nurses can teach and manage throughout the day. However, this has long been associated with a view that is targeted towards old age, and especially in modern times, patients are much more than just ill people waiting for help and treatment. This is where technology and a modern evolving world come in to change both the capabilities of the treatment and the way in which information is collected, stored, and applied. Also, as the way in which data is recorded and shared continues to develop and increase, so too does the prospect of telemedicine and other innovations to support new and more efficient ways of providing care and treatment. However, it is important that nurses have a key place in the development and application of such technology.

1.1. Definition of Technology in Healthcare

Technology is increasingly integrated into our daily patient care. In the title-defense part, medical technology is defined as the application of organized knowledge and skills in the form of devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures, and systems developed to solve a health problem and improve the quality of lives. It is important to state that technology cannot replace the quality of support, care, and presence of nurses and providers in healthcare. Technology in health is also broadly defined as the advanced technology provided to the public for medical purposes. This definition includes a wide range of products and services, such as medical devices, electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, health IT, and even consumer-grade health and wellness products. In conclusion, technology has completely revolutionized the way in which we administer patient care and can not only improve the quality of life of patients but also make the process of delivering care more efficient. This shift towards a greater and more diverse use of technology is likely to intensify in the next few years. Innovations are not just about creating something completely new, but it is about taking existing technology and making it work more efficiently, which in turn helps improve patient care by finding solutions to health problems. Well done on completing this section! Now the researcher introduced a new word – “informatology”. We know technology is used in its broadest sense and it is termed as medical informatics or health informatics. This is actually a scientific process where human health information is analyzed in a formal and organized way and which makes it possible to gain new insights and discover new knowledge that can be fed back into improving patient care. For example, with the use of electronic health records for nursing research, a researcher can analyze records from many different patients to reveal new patterns and can publish their findings in important research journals. This is testimony to the fact that nursing and patient care is now enhanced through the use of technology. Also, another level of analysis can be made, such as studying how different types of patients have responded to a particular therapy so that our knowledge on health can be broadened. With the day-to-day advancements in medical technology, nurses and providers need to stay ahead of this curve and embrace the innovative change to improve patient outcomes and the process of delivering care. Therefore, technology has not only played a role in the academic and professional development of informatics, but it has also revolutionized the field of nursing. Providing patients with more comprehensive and better quality of care and maintaining the ways to find the most cost-effective solutions throughout the patient’s life are the critical priorities of the health system in the United States. Among other healthcare reforms, the significance of quality improvement is highlighted which can promote the nation’s capacity to offer better patient care. Well implemented and used technology can enhance these aspects.

1.2. Importance of Technology in Nursing and Medicine

Another benefit of the use of technology in nursing and medicine is the development of treatments only possible using this technology. An example of this is the Da Vinci Surgical System. This high-tech device is the only robotic surgical system approved by the Food and Drug Administration for soft tissue surgery. Soft tissue surgery is surgery to the body excluding the bones, so this type of surgery covers most surgeries that are performed. With traditional surgery, a doctor might make a large incision in the body in order to see the organs and to do the surgery. This causes major pain and trauma to the body and a long recovery period for the patient. Now, with the use of the Da Vinci Surgical System, a patient has to go through less than a quarter inch incision, some of the time this can be as small as a centimeter. This is because the machine is made up of three components: an ergonomically designed console where the surgeon sits, a patient side-cart with the four robotic arms that move around and hold surgical instruments, and a vision cart with the magnifying camera. The magnifying camera gives the surgeon a high definition, 3D view of the surgical site at up to 10 times magnification. This is far better than the human eye and allows the surgeon to be more precise and accurate when undertaking the surgery. The robotic arms attach to the instruments that the surgeon will use during the surgery and these can pivot and move in all directions, giving the surgeon a full range of motion and precision. Also, the surgeon has to control every aspect of the surgical procedure from the console, meaning that they are not exposed to any harmful radiation and can be seated in a position which is better for their posture. This accuracy and precision means that blood loss is kept to a minimum, which is a major benefit of the technology for patients. In addition to this, the wound and the scarring after surgery is much less because of the smaller incision made, which promotes healing and allows for a faster recovery time. Furthermore, there is reduced pain and the need for less pain relief as the surgery is much less invasive than in traditional surgery. This is just one example of the growing significance of technology in our world. Just over a century ago, the thought of

1.3. Purpose of the Work

Following a historical overview of the development in nursing and medicine, this work focuses on the current state of development in nursing and medicine. The aims of this work are the following. Firstly, this work concentrates on accessible technology. In the section on the current application, many technologies were introduced, like smartphones and telemedicine. Comparing to technologies such as electronic health and telehealth, the student raised an interesting example that he lined his phone with a third party. This tells us that the drastic development of technology helps to get a feeling of certain family isolation. Secondly, this work concentrates on the role of technology and the legal practice. As it has been shown in the benefits of technology section, technology has enhanced patient care. Healthcare workers found information in one place easily and this reduced their administration time. However, there’s a point made by the student that healthcare workers may increasingly look to take part in a technology that is intuitive. And this may put different pressure on the legal, technological, and ethical standpoint when patient-effective and judgment-based technologies are integrated into practice. The last but not least aim of the work is about the future health and social care provision. By using current, historical, and technological philosophies, the students want to produce a vision of future healthcare provision and how existing and developing technology will better outcomes for treatment and care. The student mentioned that with the development of technology, they might expect nursing and medicine in the future to increasingly combine the biological and the technological as the knowledge from the Human Genome Project will be used and patients as a genome rather than being a symptom provided through massive and standardized data. In general, the current population is becoming more and more mature. Technology is opening up new potential for treatment and social care. As technology develops, resources become more efficient and, perhaps significantly, more personalized. Therefore, there is a successful work that has been bringing benefits from the outcomes of. Work of this kind serves to show how the power of technology enhances healthcare strategy and solutions. All in all, this piece of work shows significant work and there are many good reflective progress in completion in the project. Finally, the student hopes that the future discussed in this essay and the dream of integration of technology of care of wellness will move from science fiction to reality.

2. Historical Overview

2.1. Early Technological Advancements in Healthcare

2.2. Evolution of Technology in Nursing and Medicine

2.3. Milestones in Technological Innovations

3. Current Applications

3.1. Electronic Health Records (EHRs)

3.2. Telemedicine and Telehealth

3.3. Wearable Devices in Healthcare

4. Benefits of Technology in Nursing and Medicine

4.1. Enhanced Patient Care and Safety

4.2. Improved Efficiency and Workflow

4.3. Access to Real-Time Data

5. Challenges and Limitations

5.1. Privacy and Security Concerns

5.2. Technological Infrastructure and Accessibility

5.3. Resistance to Adoption and Training Needs

6. Future Trends and Innovations

6.1. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

6.2. Robotics and Automation in Medical Procedures

6.3. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Medical Education

7. Ethical Considerations

7.1. Ethical Use of Patient Data

7.2. Impact on the Provider-Patient Relationship

7.3. Ethical Issues in Technological Advancements

8. Conclusion

8.1. Summary of Technology’s Role in Nursing and Medicine

8.2. Implications for the Future

8.3. Final Thoughts

1. Introduction

Since the early 1990s, scholars have recognized that violent conflict in Somalia has had profoundly adverse effects on the country’s development. In 1994, a UN Special Report commented on the difficulty in applying traditional development assistance in post-conflict environments such as Somalia, where the foundations for effective policy – the state, the society and the economy – were largely absent. For decades, Somalia has been the prime example of liberal peacebuilding, a form of development practice that theorizes peace as the primary condition for the success of aid and governance programs. Paradoxically, the authors argue, this focus on peace may be perpetuating a clientelist political economy that has been identified as one of the key barriers to political progress in the country. Although the theoretical prospects of this work have been realized to some extent, in that the focus on peace status as the indicator of success and failure in Somalia has resulted in political inclusivity being sidelined in favor of a power devolution model based on Western democratic ideology. This situation arises due to the shift towards ‘hybrid’ Western-led peace missions in recent years, the authors argue, and has significant implications because the limited levels of political legitimacy found at local level has been recognized as one of the key factors contributing to the failure of peacebuilding in Somalia. The report also provides preliminary account of the perils of such an approach for the current UK political situation, in that the lack of legitimacy in the ruling structure of Somalia has been identified by Al-Shabaab as a major recruitment tool. Such a case study offers policymakers a unique demonstration of the importance at local, societal level of the kind of political engagement that this paper is calling for on an international scale. I hope to answer this question, given a range of political actions and theories.

1.1 Background

The instability caused by the collapse of the Somali state in 1991 has led to a protracted and brutal civil war, which continues to devastate the country today. Somalia is widely regarded as one of the most extreme examples of a complex humanitarian emergency. This is a critical concept that will be explored in this report – it is defined by the United Nations as ‘a humanitarian crisis in a country, region or society where there is total collapse of authority, where there is no government and no institutions, and most people cannot live a normal life’. However, providing effective aid for over 25 years of conflict and in such a complex contested environment presents numerous and formidable challenges for aid workers, leading to significant policy and operational debates vis-a-vis foreign aid programmes in the country. These have been the focus of increasing attention in the region over recent years. In particular, the literature has explored the assumptions that aid agencies work under in such environments, the impacts of security concerns and the links to the wider global ‘war on terror’, and questions of how localised knowledge and the participation of Somali civil society in aid projects can be integrated into programme designs. Also, the effectiveness of aid programmes in relation to the shifts in the political and military strategies of the international community has been questioned. This has given rise to what has been described as a ‘political approach’ to the study of international aid influence. This represents a conceptual challenge to some accepted notions that aid leads the prospects for and direction of development. Also, this approach draws attention to the role played by aid in defining the agendas and actions of states in the international system.

1.2 Purpose

The main purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the war on terror that began in 2001 on the effectiveness of foreign aid in Somalia. The study seeks to establish whether the increased allocation of aid to volatile countries with weak governments made these countries safer or whether it encouraged more war and violence. From the current conflict in Somalia, the study will try to model the situation in the less to moderately conflict-affected world countries to see whether an increase in foreign aid different results in terms of stabilizing a situation when the conflict duration changes. The study will also seek to find out whether any additional controls could be carried out in the less to moderately affected countries to better understand the effect of different types of aid in different conflict duration. The findings will also help in understanding the current situation in Somalia and it is going to be a guide on what is supposed to be done in the war on terror. The study will help government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other stakeholders in coming up with effective foreign aid strategies and policies in war on terror affected countries.

1.3 Scope

In chapter 1.3, the focus is on explaining what is meant by foreign aid as “the voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another.” It also explains the types of foreign aid, which are military or defense aid, emergency humanitarian aid (food, medicine, shelter, etc., given in response to a disaster), bilateral aid (one country directly giving aid to another), and multilateral aid (countries or organizations pooling contributions into a larger fund). The chapter goes on to argue how it is important to consider the “potential for aid to become politicized and the damaging effects this can have.” This is developed further in chapter 1.6, where it is explained how aid can sometimes be used as a political tool in support of a friendly government, to the detriment of the recipient’s “right to development.” This notion of aid being used for ulterior motives is furthered by chapter 1.8, which discusses different ‘theoretical perspectives’ on what motivates foreign aid. For instance, it explores whether or not aid is given in pursuit of economic development or could be used to maintain ‘relative power’, concluding that both explanations are plausible. Lastly, the scope of the chapter and what the rest of the report is going to focus on is summed up in chapter 1.9. It is made clear that the remainder of the report is focused upon understanding the underlying causal links between poverty and the effects of the ‘global system’. In other words, the rest of the essay is trying to identify how the various factors presented in chapter 1.4 (the ‘vicious circle’ described above) interact with one another to produce and maintain levels of poverty.

2. Historical Context of War in Somalia

2.1 Causes of Conflict

2.2 Duration and Impacts

2.3 International Intervention

3. Impact of War on Foreign Aid

3.1 Disruption of Infrastructure

3.2 Humanitarian Crisis

3.3 Decreased Economic Stability

4. Role of Peacebuilding Efforts

4.1 Peacekeeping Missions

4.2 Reestablishing Governance

4.3 Rebuilding Infrastructure

5. Challenges in Providing Foreign Aid

5.1 Security Concerns

5.2 Corruption and Mismanagement

5.3 Lack of Coordination

6. International Organizations and Foreign Aid

6.1 United Nations Assistance

6.2 World Bank Initiatives

6.3 Non-Governmental Organizations

7. Case Studies on Foreign Aid in Somalia

7.1 Humanitarian Aid Distribution

7.2 Development Projects

7.3 Capacity Building Programs

8. Evaluation of Foreign Aid Effectiveness

8.1 Impact on Poverty Alleviation

8.2 Sustainable Development Goals

8.3 Lessons Learned

9. Conclusion

9.1 Summary of Findings

9.2 Recommendations for Future Aid Strategies

1. Introduction

Nowadays, with our world rapidly changing and new discoveries being made every day, science can no longer be just for scientists. It is important for everyone to have an understanding and appreciation of this vital way of thinking. Scientists do not simply accept any observation; they question, analyze and test it. This is done to ensure mistakes are not made and that new information can be trusted. These are some of the valuable skills, which are not just useful in scientific investigation, but are also skills for life! So for this great process for learning and investigation begins with asking why, and there is no such thing as a final answer! By starting to develop an understanding of the terminology used in the world of science, and learning about the way the human body is organized, we can start to apply scientific thinking in our everyday lives. Terminology is what we call the words that are specific to each field of study. For example, in a computer science program, you would probably have to learn terms like RAM and ROM, but these words would not mean to most people what they mean to a computer scientist. It is the same with medical terminology. This is because the human body is broken down into many different systems so that it is easier to study and understand the way in which the body works. Scientists use a kind of shorthand-terminology, which is specialized language that people use to communicate with each other efficiently. The body consists of different levels of organizations. At the highest level is the atomic level, where individual atoms make up molecules and macromolecules. These in turn combine to form cells, the basic level of life which can perform all the processes associated with life. But different cells are designed to carry out specialized tasks, such as muscle or nerve cells. We call this arrangement of different cells into groups with common goals “organization”. And the final product of this organization is what we call emergent properties, which are new functions seen at the levels above. For example, a nerve cell cannot coordinate the rapid movement of a leg muscle by itself, but when combined with other nerve cells and muscle cells, a nerve cell can help to make this movement happen.

1.1. Purpose of the Study Guide

The study guide is tailored to meet the learning needs of those with little or no background in anatomy and physiology. Reinforcing the concepts contained in the guide through standard reading and reviewing those concepts and providing tools for “transfer learning” which will enhance your overall retention of the material. Finally and most importantly, all of the above becomes more relevant and valuable as you progress through your healthcare quality curriculum because it has the potential, if used properly and consistently from the onset, for building an essential skill in healthcare quality and that is “critical analysis”. Critical analysis is really the foundation for dissecting the root causes of quality failures and negative outcomes in healthcare delivery. This guide and each of its components all help to build and reinforce that skill. By doing so, it is not a stretch to say that this guide can be utilized as an “Answer Key” to critical analysis because by following and routinely using all that is outlined, you will find that you learn over time to systematically break down the various interactions, investigational methods and contributing factors in the cause-and-effect continuum associated with quality deficiencies and less than ideal patient outcomes. The interpretations that you develop and the interventions that you might suggest will become second nature and that, folks, is what effective quality improvement is all about. It just doesn’t get any better than routinely striving to solve problems and improve the outcomes for those in our care. Well all I can say is “let’s get to study”.

1.2. Scope of the Study Guide

The study guide has been compiled to introduce the students to the terminology used in the medical world. The acquisition of medical terminologies requires a systematic process. The learning trajectory begins from simple subjects and advances to more complex ones. In this study guide, there are a number of key areas in the field of medical terminology that have been given priority. This is in line with the major areas of human body systems which, at the end, help the student to have a comprehensive understanding of the entire human body in relation to medical terminologies. The focus of the study begins with an introduction to the various terminologies and term analysis. This becomes foundational as the student gains skills in prefix, suffix, and root word analysis. The study guide further captures a broad overview of the human body organization, the various levels of the body from cells to tissues, and the importance of maintaining a constant body environment. It moves on to cover the major body systems such as the skeletal system, the muscular system, and the nervous system. Within each system, a detailed explanation of the system and common terminologies used in result to malfunctions or diseases that affect that system has been provided. The guide is structured in a systematic manner, highlighting one each system by itself. This makes the work easier as students do not become overwhelmed by the amount of information given. Rather, they are able to appreciate how the various systems are interrelated. Towards the end of the guide, students will find a summarization of the key points of each system. I firmly believe that this study guide will be a useful companion for the students who intend to pursue studies in medical-related courses and those who are already in the medical field. In fact, further reading materials and exercises should be encouraged so that the students can constantly engage themselves and reinforce their understanding of the terminologies. I hope the students will enjoy the study and benefit from it richly.

1.3. Target Audience

This guide is designed for several different groups of individuals. First, this guide will be useful to any student studying some field of medical movement science, such as exercise physiology, physical therapy, occupational therapy, or athletic training. In particular, this guide was designed for students in the Kinesiology program at San Francisco State University who are taking Human Kinesiology (KIN 355) and Medical Terminology (KIN 356). This guide is also written for students who are working toward a degree in physical education and seek a stronger understanding of the human body; for them, the study of the terminology and body organization in this field may provide both interest and challenge. Secondly, this guide may be useful to any faculty member who is teaching such a course. As part of its development in the Fall of 2011, the initial draft of this guide was submitted to the San Francisco State University-Academic Senate-Curriculum Review and Approval Committee for the establishment of Medical Terminology (KIN 356) as a General Education-Lifelong Learning and Self-Development course. It was fully approved with the guide through the completion of the cycle of review. This guide will be useful to explain to the Senate and students why a class about medical terminology could be categorized as a General Education self development in areas such as health and well-being. It also will help to give a clearer idea of the level of knowledge development, its application and the scope of the class. Last but not least, it is a useful reference for any student seeking to apply for the course waiver by demonstrating the successful completion of comparable class at another institution. However, in the effort to standardize the practice, the petition to consider such waiver in San Francisco State University must be approved by the faculty adviser in writing. One thing needs to be mentioned that, all current and future students of KIN 355 and KIN 356 at San Francisco State University are obliged to adhere to the published university policies and curriculum established by the faculty of the Department of Kinesiology. It is in the best interest of students who are enrolled in such classes to work with us in order to achieve the goal of enhancing the understanding learning experience for medical terminology and body organization. Also, the authors and contributors of this guide welcome any kind of criticism, for the purpose of improving the quality and usefulness of the book. All readers can send comments and suggestions. The contact information can be found on the last section of this guide. We hope that all students will not only find this guide useful, but also have a great time exploring the study of human movement and enjoying the lab work, which brings the words and knowledge learned to life!

2. Terminology

2.1. Definition of Terminology

2.2. Importance of Understanding Terminology

2.3. Common Medical Terminology

3. Body Organization

3.1. Overview of Body Organization

3.2. Levels of Body Organization

3.2.1. Cellular Level

3.2.2. Tissue Level

3.2.3. Organ Level

3.2.4. Organ System Level

3.2.5. Organism Level

4. Body Systems

4.1. Skeletal System

4.1.1. Bones

4.1.2. Joints

4.1.3. Functions of the Skeletal System

4.2. Muscular System

4.2.1. Types of Muscles

4.2.2. Functions of the Muscular System

4.3. Nervous System

4.3.1. Central Nervous System

4.3.2. Peripheral Nervous System

4.3.3. Functions of the Nervous System

5. Common Terminology in Body Systems

5.1. Cardiovascular System

5.1.1. Heart

5.1.2. Blood Vessels

5.1.3. Functions of the Cardiovascular System

5.2. Respiratory System

5.2.1. Lungs

5.2.2. Airways

5.2.3. Functions of the Respiratory System

5.3. Digestive System

5.3.1. Stomach

5.3.2. Intestines

5.3.3. Functions of the Digestive System

6. Conclusion

6.1. Summary of Key Points

6.2. Importance of Terminology and Body Organization

In addition, a positive social climate can significantly affect the medical treatment patients receive. Studies have shown that a better social climate in a healthcare facility can lead to more comprehensive standards in approving medical practices and reduced diagnostic risk. A quality social climate can foster improvement in patient care quality and help restore the art of healing. Given that leadership has a profound impact on the healthcare landscape, current and aspiring healthcare leaders need to understand the basics of good leadership in the field and the importance of cultivating those skills well.A healthcare organization with proper leadership in place, especially the front-line kind, can improve the quality of patient care, develop a positive and rewarding work environment, raise clinician morale and job satisfaction, reduce work hours to achieve effective work-life balance, increase collaboration and teamwork to enhance care delivery, reduce clinician turnover and ease staff shortages. With a better social climate in place, healthcare professionals are motivated to reach goals by embracing and aligning individual and organizational values and interests, minimizing unnecessary work conflicts and harmonizing work relationships, enhancing workplace welfare and well-being, and fostering a cooperative and creative work culture for attracting and keeping talent. Last but not least, it also reduces the cost of replacing professionals, loss of work hours, and expenses linked to excessive or futile exercises.In the past few decades, the concept of leadership in healthcare has gained much attention. Many healthcare organizations have shifted their focus from focusing solely on management to focusing more on effective leadership. The two practices have been considered the same for a very long time, but there is a distinct difference between the two. Management in healthcare has been defined as getting work done through people, supervising and directing employees, and executing organizational plans. On the other hand, leadership has been described as an area of influence, a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others towards the achievement of a goal. As such, healthcare professionals need to cultivate leadership skills because they make an impact on their organization’s social climate and productivity levels.

1.1. Importance of Leadership in Healthcare

First and foremost, leadership is very essential for easy operation in any kind of organization. I think healthcare leadership is very important not only for the profit-making in the organization but also has a direct impact on the quality of patient care. Good healthcare requires good clinical and managerial quality, for this to be achieved effective leaders with suitable leadership styles are needed for the public health services and hospitals. Good leadership in health care services will meet the needs of patients and handle their complaints effectively. It will also encourage a customer focus and goal setting within the workforce. As a result, an improvement in communication and more effective teamwork will provide a drive in the organization to deliver better patient care. For this to happen the health sector or industry should emphasize leadership trainings and programs that can help to improve management and leadership expertise. This will increase the potential of health service managers as better leaders. With the changes in systems and business processes, health services leaders should have the capabilities to manage change for the better of the community. Patients deserve to have proper healthcare and quality of life. Therefore, leaders should have a vision and a clear focus on a healthy community. For example, creating more partnerships with community service organizations will engage leaders to work not only for the wellness of the patients in the hospitals but be concerned for the community overall. Such type of healthcare management will lead to positive eating habits and higher well-being of the general public. High-performing health organizations require leaders to provide good direction for organizations in planning for the future. Therefore, healthcare leadership in the 21st century is a project and a noble course that will deserve all the best efforts to sustain and improve patient satisfaction to higher levels. High levels of patient satisfaction will make healthcare organizations more attractive to different customer segments and specific patient populations would tend to use more of its services, thus raising the profitability and potential growth of the organization in the long run.

1.2. Significance of Social Justice in Healthcare

The term social justice is used nowadays in different concepts. To some, the term is allied with human values and the morality of people and their resources. Healthcare is described as the treatment and prevention of diseases. This incorporates the service offered by individuals in the health sector as well as governmental and non-governmental agencies that deal with the promotion of public health. Practicing in the healthcare sector should be based on principles of social justice. According to Pope Francis in December 2014, social justice is a key issue in the field of healthcare. It means that it is necessary to base both the activities and the organization of the healthcare system on the recognition that persons exist in relation to each other as part of a family and broader society. That is, the patients and healthcare providers should be viewed not just as people with ailments or skills, but as part of a broader functioning community. Sandman (2004) argues that social justice change efforts have two main infrastructural focuses. That is, they focus on either identifying and addressing unmet human need or identifying and addressing social inequities. According to Sandman, healthcare is particularly relevant in connection with the two focuses. He points out that social justice in healthcare has to be understood in terms of the fair distribution of common values. First, the practitioners have to recognize the shared moral foundation that brings the provider and those seeking care into cooperation. This calls for careful decision-making both at the individual level and at the administrative level. At the individual level, the healthcare providers have to make decisions on the kind of services and the resources to be allocated to the patient’s needs. On the other hand, administrative officials, working within governments and private organizations, have to make policies and decisions which aim at enhancing the common good. Such kind of decision-making in healthcare can be declined from its full potential in the absence of a meaningful reference to the ends for which it ought to aim. Sandman forecasts a better configurative model of healthcare decision-making embraced with reference to the values of human cooperation, love, and care. Social justice is important in relation to the act of providing healthcare. This is the primary goal of the healthcare providers. Balancing the goals of maximizing profits and satisfying patient’s matters require a critical concern for social justice. It is not only significant to mankind in society but also amongst the healthcare providers and the patients. Social justice creates a climate of equity and fairness, a climate which is equally crucial for the effectiveness of medicine and those employed in its behalf. Jablonski (2013) posits that healthcare providers who work to restore, promote, and maintain the health of patients under the name of justice have to secure the conditions which allow the providers to collectively answer the needs of society.

2. Leadership Skills for Promoting Social Justice

2.1. Effective Communication

2.2. Ethical Decision Making

2.3. Cultural Competence

3. Strategies for Developing a Socially Just Healthcare Culture

3.1. Promoting Diversity and Inclusion

3.2. Addressing Health Disparities

3.3. Advocacy for Vulnerable Populations

4. Incorporating Systems Thinking in Leadership

4.1. Understanding Interdependencies in Healthcare Systems

4.2. Identifying Feedback Loops and Leverage Points

4.3. Applying Systems Thinking to Improve Healthcare Delivery

5. Leadership Development for Improved Healthcare Accessibility

5.1. Training and Education Programs

5.2. Mentoring and Coaching Initiatives

5.3. Collaborative Partnerships for Knowledge Exchange

6. Conclusion