Purchasing Decisions: Limited vs Extended Problem-Solving Approach

question
Briefly discuss a purchase you made within the last two months and explain whether you applied the limited problem-solving approach or extended problem solving approach in the process of making the decision to purchase and consume the product. 
Answer
Purchasing Decisions: Limited vs Extended Problem-Solving Approach
1. Introduction
The article you are about to read is an explorative essay which presents the understanding and the usage of the two sorts of purchasing approaches. Studies and researches have indicated that these two approaches differ from each other mainly in the factors that determine when each approach is utilized. The aim of this article is to develop a vivid understanding on how consumer behavior is influenced in the two different situations. When consumers’ choice of buying behavior is affected by differences in the level of involvement, it results into two sorts of problem-solving strategies: limited problem-solving and extended problem-solving. The study in this article has the main focus on these two strategies and their application in modern life. Different elements and factors of two problem-solving approaches have been discussed here. This essay also sheds light on psychological aspects of consumer decision-making and market behavior in the main focus of selecting these approaches. This report is meant to offer an explanation for those who really want to know about their role in the decision making in the respective markets. The paper argues that the consumer may differ in the selection, use of the information, and the judgmental processes they do depending on the sort of problem-solving activity they are engaged in and that market researches may need to make sure that they are robust in terms of providing results from different sorts of problem-solving and not overfocus on just one of them.
1.1. Definition of Limited Problem-Solving Approach
Recent studies of purchasing behavior have revealed that the consumer’s approach to choosing a product can depend on a variety of factors, such as the type of product to be selected and the importance of that product. One of the approaches that an individual utilizes when making a purchasing decision is the limited problem-solving approach. Limited problem-solving approach involves an internal or non-extensive search for information, for example, settling for the first or the easy option that comes to an individual’s mind. It is an approach that is often used by consumers when they face a recurring problem or when they are looking for a familiar product. In this kind of approach, the individual could simply identify the need for a product and immediately an alternative would spring into his mind, and then the purchasing would happen instantaneously. However, since making a purchasing decision involves conscious mental processes, at least in the case of limited problem-solving, in the event that some information search did take place, the following must apply: the individual must know what to be searched, the search should be based on the current knowledge, and the search for information should serve as guidance for the decision that needs to be made. For example, each time the consumers go to the supermarket to purchase a bottle of water, chances are the consumer will know what to buy and thus there is no need for information search, and hence limited problem-solving takes place. At the point of recognizing the need, the consumer goes ahead with searching the product, and then evaluation of alternatives is done afterwards. There are two phases in which the limited problem-solving takes place; i.e. a problem recognition phase and an evaluation of the chosen product after the purchase has been made. In reality, it is often the case that information search does not take place literally before a product is purchased. When an information search does occur, the particular type of approach being used can be identified.
1.2. Definition of Extended Problem-Solving Approach
An extended problem-solving approach has several important characteristics. First, it involves extensive information search – the consumer searches for information about different products from many sources. Such sources include the consumer’s own memory, personal knowledge, the knowledge of friends and family, advertising, in-store information, and the internet. Secondly, the consumer employing extended problem-solving is more likely to use a comparison of multiple options. Such a comparison of options may be largely in terms of brand comparison such as Mercedes vs Audi or attributes comparison such as those which are known to satisfy the need and those which are just close to satisfaction. For the limited problem-solving approach, consumers rely on shortcuts rather than on significant effort. Third, consumers using an extended problem-solving approach are more likely to engage in a comparison of multiple options, while those using the limited problem-solving approach are more likely to satisfy their need by simply selecting the first product that meets the minimum acceptable requirement, but not necessarily the best that could be obtained. Fourth, consumers using an extended problem-solving approach are more likely to engage in a consideration of external factors. Such external factors might include advice from friends, adverts, the internet, and environmental factors. Finally, the consumer employing the extended problem-solving resources and cognitive efforts more so than from the habitual and variety-seeking resources, but consumers use all three to some degree. It is important to notice that there is no absolute way to determine which method to use (Kardes, Cronley, and Cline, n.d.). Culture, traditions, trends, and as well as the level of involvement which varies are among the factors that influence the decision of which method used with different people and at different occasions.
2. The Purchase Experience
2.1. Description of the Product
2.2. Motivation for the Purchase
3. Limited Problem-Solving Approach
3.1. Minimal Information Search
3.2. Reliance on Prior Knowledge
3.3. Evaluation of Alternatives
4. Extended Problem-Solving Approach
4.1. Extensive Information Search
4.2. Comparison of Multiple Options
4.3. Consideration of External Factors
5. Application of Problem-Solving Approaches
5.1. Determining the Approach Used
5.2. Factors Influencing the Decision-Making Process
6. Conclusion

Racial Disparities in Employment and Education

QUESTION
1- Although more educated than ever before, African Americans remain more likely to be
unemployed than comparably educated Whites, at all educational levels. What can explain racial
differences in rates of return on educational investment? Is obtaining a college degree still a worthwhile investment for African Americans?

2-  Why do you think discrimination against Blacks still exists today despite Title VII’s legal prohibitions?
What do you think can be done to reduce and eventually eliminate discrimination against Blacks
ANSWER
1. Factors Influencing Racial Differences in Employment Rates
Over time, these discriminatory practices and racial biases in the hiring process maintain the stratification of racial hierarchies in employment. This is because, as a result of discrimination in the job searches, some racial and ethnic minorities are left with little alternative but to take up poorly paid and less desirable jobs which in turn perpetuates the cycle of racial disparities in employment rates.
Discrimination in the hiring process, such as racial bias in the vetting of job applicants and the use of different standards and criteria to judge job candidates of different races, has been discussed as a reason for racial differences in employment rates. This can be viewed as an outcome of power inequalities and prejudice which are ingrained within institutions and capitalist societies. It is argued that employers use race as a way to make judgments on the abilities and the work ethics of job candidates, influenced by societal stereotypes and biases.
Studies have also shown that for people of color, not only are they more likely to earn less than their white counterparts in the same occupation, they are also more likely to work in certain low paying and less prestigious jobs. As a result of these racial and ethnic disparities, economists argue that, even if racial discrimination were to disappear, racial and ethnic minorities would still face lower wages and a higher unemployment rate compared to whites due to the unequal distributions of different racial and ethnic groups in the labor market.
Occupational segregation also plays a crucial role in maintaining the disparities seen in employment rates. Occupational segregation is the unequal distribution of certain groups of people into specific occupations. This leads to the overrepresentation of one group and the underrepresentation of another group in particular job sectors. For example, in the US, whites are overrepresented in executive and administrative positions while African Americans are overrepresented in service occupations.
Educational attainment is one of the most important factors that contribute to the disparities in employment rates between racial and ethnic groups. Research has consistently shown that higher levels of education tend to lead to higher wages and a lower likelihood of unemployment among all workers. However, despite increasing educational attainment of the entire population, disparities still exist between whites and racial and ethnic minorities in the job market.
1.1. Educational Attainment
The first factor that is often identified as a contributor to disparity in employment among different racial groups is educational attainment. Educational attainment means the highest level of education that a person has completed. Socioeconomic status, or the social standing or class of an individual or group, is also closely related to educational attainment. Many doors open for people who have high educational attainment. On average, people who have completed higher levels of education earn more income. They are also less likely to be unemployed. Although greater educational attainment has the potential to benefit any individual, regardless of race, it does not seem to lessen the disparity between racial groups. When we examine the reality, it becomes evident that this is not the case for most black workers. And this is not a matter of differences in educational attainment. The bar graph shows that within every level of educational attainment – whether one is looking at people with less than a high school education or people with a bachelor’s degree or higher – blacks have higher unemployment rates than whites. However, if this was really due to differences in educational attainment, one would expect the gaps to at least become narrower as the educational level rises. In other words, the gap between the unemployment rates of whites and blacks would be most narrow for those with the highest educational attainment. Yet the opposite is true for every racial group. As the level of education rises, the gap between the unemployment of whites and blacks actually becomes larger. Additionally, even when blacks and Hispanics both have a bachelor’s degree, their unemployment rates are much higher. This suggests that it is not just educational attainment itself that is the problem. Rather it is the quality and value of the education that is important. For many, educational debt creates a huge financial burden. While it is intended to provide expanded opportunities as an investment in the future, many are unable to obtain that future, and struggle financially with debt. Overall, not having a good foundation in education can be a barrier to class mobility and economic stability in the future. And it is clear that with escalating educational debt in the United States, these obstacles will continue to affect minorities.
1.2. Occupational Segregation
Occupational segregation refers to the practice of minorities being overrepresented or underrepresented in certain jobs and industries. One measure of how much a group is segregated is to look at what sociologists call “Diver’s” statistic, which can range from zero to 100. If the value is zero, it means members of one group are evenly distributed across all industries. On the other hand, a Diver’s value of 100 indicates that each group works in completely separate job categories, with no individual from either group sharing an occupation. However, the average Diver’s statistic has been around 60 for decades, which suggests that a moderate level of segregation exists among whites and minorities. The highest levels of occupational segregation are typically found in states in the south and border regions, while the most integrated places to work in the country are Hawaii, California, and Washington D.C. The consequences of segregation in the workplace can be seen quite clearly. It reinforces economic disparities between races and the wage gap between different groups. Research by John Iceland and others from the University of Maryland has found that minorities tend to work in less well-paid occupations, while whites were more likely to be present in higher-paying jobs. For example, data from 2009 showed that the African American group had a higher proportion of its workers in elementary and secondary schools, compared to the rest of the population. These occupations are not particularly well-paid and hence the wage gap between whites and blacks could be influenced by occupational segregation. The study of Iceland also found that the gap in average pay between Hispanics and whites would be cut by 8 percent if occupational distributions were equalized. Inequalities would also be reduced for African Americans and whites by up to 13 percent. Such evidence further supports the fact that disparities between races in terms of employment were exacerbated by the levels of segregation in different industries.
1.3. Discrimination in Hiring Practices
The assessment of racial discrimination through the study of the labor market is supported by substantial previous research. These studies include the systematic investigation of individuals and groups in different job searching and working environments, the comparison of races in the same or similar roles, and the rate of success of being employed by different races. Research on hiring discrimination can be carried out through field experiments such as “resume audit studies” or computer and survey-based experiments. These types of research aim to create a pseudo job searching environment in which resumes with the same qualifications but different personal information in terms of race are distributed. The research focused on computer models and survey-based experiments aims to provide in-depth cause and effect analysis for hiring discrimination.
In a study done by Bertrand and Mullainathan, the researchers sent out 1,300 fictitious resumes in response to employment advertisements in the Chicago and Boston areas. The study consists of 13 ad categories and 3 records under each category. The white-named candidates are expected to receive 1 callback for every 10 resumes sent, while the black-named candidates need to send in 15 resumes before they get a callback. The results suggest that resumes with the names Emily and Greg were more likely to receive a call or interview than those with the names Lakisha and Jamal. The percentage for white-named applications getting a call, compared to black-named applications, is 11.7 percent and 6.7 percent, respectively. The obtained results reveal that there is a significant and statistically different racial effect on the acceptance rate of resumes.
Hiring discrimination is an unfair act in which an individual is prejudiced against due to race, skin color, or nationality. It is a behavior that can be considered as grounds for legal action in the course of employment. Correctly, it is a violation of federal law for an employer to make any employment decision because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, or disability. This indicates that discrimination is prohibited based on protected status and employee qualifications for the job.
2. The Worth of a College Degree for African Americans
2.1. Economic Benefits of Higher Education
2.2. Social Mobility and Networking Opportunities
2.3. Challenges and Barriers Faced by African American Graduates
3. Persistence of Discrimination against Blacks
3.1. Historical Context and Systemic Racism
3.2. Implicit Bias and Stereotyping
3.3. Unequal Access to Opportunities and Resources
4. Strategies to Reduce and Eliminate Discrimination against Blacks
4.1. Strengthening Legal Protections and Enforcement
4.2. Promoting Diversity and Inclusion Initiatives
4.3. Education and Awareness Campaigns
5. Conclusion

Reforming the US Immigration Regime: A Policy Memo

Questions
Based on “Reforming the US Immigration Regime” case study: address the following In a 1 to 2 page policy memo:
1. Provide a brief history of the issue (only 2-3 paragraphs)-highlighting key points
2. Describe the 2013 attempt to reform U.S. immigration policy-highlighting the key points.
3. Be sure to address how the problem was defined in 2013 (not just from the perspective of the gang of 8 but from other relevant stakeholders as well.  Remember to clearly identify the relevant stakeholders or groups of stakeholders and how they defined the problem so as to illustrate the variation in problem definition.
Answer
1. Introduction
The first formal immigration act was passed in 1910. This act established the Bureau of Immigration, which provided for the examination and inspection of arriving immigrants. It also codified for the first time the deportation of immigrants and the exclusion of ‘undesirable’ persons. Over the years, various laws have been implemented in the name of immigration reform. These laws are often seen to have expanded the United States’ power of deportation and exclusion. For example, the National Origins Quota of 1924 provided that the number of immigrant visas available in each nationality class in a year could not exceed 2% of the number of foreign-born individuals of that nationality resident in the United States in 1890. Such legislation further entrenched the inequalities in immigration visas that existed at the time. The roots of the current deportation and exclusion regime lie, as some scholars describe it, in the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act. This act got rid of the highly exclusionary national origins quota system that was in place and instead focused on immigrants’ skills and family relationships with citizens or residents of the United States. However, it also made a distinction between ‘immigrants’ and ‘nonimmigrants’, whereby immigrants are classed as those admitted for permanent residence and nonimmigrants refer to those admitted for a temporary period of time. This act has been subject to numerous amendments over the years, often to change its preference system.
1.1 Brief History of the Issue
The United States continues to enforce its immigration laws, which regulate both the flow of aliens into the country and their subsequent activities. As any reader of this memo knows, immigration and immigration reform has been a hot topic of debate in the United States for many years. Congressional interest in immigration legislation is unwavering and complex compared to the interest in other topics, such as defense or welfare reform. The fact that members of Congress have introduced immigration bills in every Congress (typically multiple bills on the same topics) since the 1980s serves as more symbolic of the issue’s salience and complexity. Although IRCA is technically still alive, it has been distorted by subsequent legislation, most notably the Welfare Reform Act and the 1996 Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. This has contributed to the tension that exists when immigration reform is discussed. Additionally, because “impending regulatory changes” or “changes in health care eligibility standards” have provided automatic triggers for its repeal restrictions on alien eligibility. However, this did not come to pass because of the higher standard of judicial review of statutes that completely bar court review of deportation orders. Such review restrictions, while not defining what is meant by reviewing “deportation orders,” are interpreted to prevent judicial review of the statutory scheme as a whole as opposed to merely review of specific orders. This restriction on judicial review would have been mooted by the new judicial review process in IRCA.
1.1.1 Early Immigration Policies
1.1.2 Impact of Major Immigration Acts
2. The 2013 Attempt to Reform U.S. Immigration Policy
2.1 Overview of the Reform Effort
2.2 Key Points of the Proposed Legislation
2.2.1 Pathway to Citizenship
2.2.2 Border Security Measures
2.2.3 Employment Verification System
2.3 Opposition and Controversies
3. Problem Definition in 2013
3.1 Perspectives of the Gang of 8
3.1.1 Gang of 8’s Definition of the Problem
3.1.2 Proposed Solutions by the Gang of 8
3.2 Perspectives of Relevant Stakeholders
3.2.1 Business Community’s Definition of the Problem
3.2.2 Labor Unions’ Definition of the Problem
3.2.3 Immigrant Advocacy Groups’ Definition of the Problem
3.2.4 Conservative Groups’ Definition of the Problem
3.2.5 Democratic Party’s Definition of the Problem
3.2.6 Republican Party’s Definition of the Problem
3.2.7 Public Opinion on the Immigration Issue

Social Innovation and its relationship to Sustainable Entrepreneurship

1. Introduction
The article discusses the relationship between social innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship. It begins by providing definitions for social innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship. It then explores the importance of social innovation in addressing social and environmental challenges, creating positive social impact, and fostering economic development. The role of sustainable entrepreneurship is examined in terms of balancing profit and purpose, integrating social and environmental goals, and promoting ethical business practices. The article also provides examples of social innovation in sustainable entrepreneurship, including social enterprises, impact investing, and corporate social responsibility. It identifies the challenges and opportunities in social innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship, such as financial constraints, regulatory frameworks, collaboration and partnerships, and scaling successful models. Strategies for successful social innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship are discussed, including identifying social needs and market gaps, using design thinking and human-centered approaches, measuring social impact, and building sustainable business models. The future of social innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship is explored in terms of emerging technologies and trends, global collaboration for sustainable development, and policy and legal frameworks. The conclusion summarizes the main points of the article and emphasizes the importance of social innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship in addressing social and environmental challenges while creating positive social impact and economic development.
Introduction
Social innovation and its relationship to sustainable entrepreneurship
1.1 Definition of Social Innovation
It is noted that the innovation might well center around a profit-making venture, but the important point is that the innovator makes a profit while having a material regional effect. This endorses an emphasis on economic sustainability and it asks that the solution should finally infiltrate internationally so that it can benefit society in general. Every part of society can ultimately be examined for ways to improve, whether via technology modifications, creation of new revenue streams, or a more effective achieve of social objectives. Every innovator seems as a tool by which social practices can be advanced; making it possible for entrepreneurs to break away from current power dynamics and build new ways in which human demands can be met. This perspective has as a base the Frascati Manual’s idea of the social dimension of innovation.
Social innovation has been classified by numerous researchers as an innovation type that only makes material for the social good. But it could be added that this is not a finish in itself, the concept might all the same help the entrepreneur to build a better society with economic benefits. The three interlocking concepts in the definition of social innovation present both the merit but also the limitation of the concept itself. First, the basic idea expects that social innovation shares the end goal with all the other types of innovations, that is to achieve a better environment for individuals. Also, by identifying that social innovation should be an enriching experience, not just a solution to a social issue. This might indicate that the social innovator who employs the innovative idea and also helps create commercial value will finally benefit from it.
Social innovation is a relatively new term. The most generally acknowledged definition – as in the conceptual trilogy by Phills, Deiglmeier, and Miller – is “a novel solution to a social problem that is more effective, efficient, sustainable, or just than present answers and for which the value made circulates mainly to society overall rather than private individuals.” It may be in the form of a unique product, production method, or a commercial venture, but in all cases, it should entail a substantial regional effect: at the community, town, or even the national level. For a concept of social innovation to end up being the next variable of globalization, it cannot be focused exclusively on not-for-profit initiatives; the competitive edge restoration of communal enterprises is similarly crucial.
1.2 Definition of Sustainable Entrepreneurship
The term “sustainable entrepreneurship” is not new for the business world. Nevertheless, its meaning has been changing and evolving due to the development of new trends, management strategies, and managerial and organizational approaches. It is worth noting that sustainable entrepreneurship is perceived as a hybrid concept that combines the characteristics and methods of mainstream entrepreneurship with social sciences and business ethics, balancing economic activity with the interest of society and the environment. As J.W. Stoelwinder and A. L. Vandenbussche noted in 2004, sustainable entrepreneurship is a process of combining innovative and opportunity-focused business activity with a proactive concern for the environment and social issues. The authors suggested that there are three levels of practice of sustainable entrepreneurship, including CEO level, managerial level, and operational level. At the CEO level, the strategy, planning, and long-term commitment of the concept should consider the integration and management of sustainable development, and captains of industry are expected to demonstrate best practice in the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship. From a managerial perspective, strategic contextualizing of values is the key to constructing sustainable entrepreneurship, and sustainability ethics need to be integrated into daily management processes. Last but not least, employees at the operational level should cultivate an interdisciplinary and value-oriented culture through education and formation. Also, employees are given space for negotiation and innovation within the prestructured mission of sustainability. The concept of sustainable entrepreneurship can be further elaborated and explained with the help of a simple model, which may refer to the pyramid of corporate social responsibility. The model illustrates that the ethical, social, and environmental responsibility of a sustainable business should be based on strong and successful economic elements.
2. The Importance of Social Innovation
2.1 Addressing Social and Environmental Challenges
2.2 Creating Positive Social Impact
2.3 Fostering Economic Development
3. The Role of Sustainable Entrepreneurship
3.1 Balancing Profit and Purpose
3.2 Integrating Social and Environmental Goals
3.3 Promoting Ethical Business Practices
4. Examples of Social Innovation in Sustainable Entrepreneurship
4.1 Social Enterprises
4.2 Impact Investing
4.3 Corporate Social Responsibility
5. Challenges and Opportunities in Social Innovation and Sustainable Entrepreneurship
5.1 Financial Constraints
5.2 Regulatory Frameworks
5.3 Collaboration and Partnerships
5.4 Scaling and Replicating Successful Models
6. Strategies for Successful Social Innovation and Sustainable Entrepreneurship
6.1 Identifying Social Needs and Market Gaps
6.2 Design Thinking and Human-Centered Approaches
6.3 Measuring Social Impact
6.4 Building Sustainable Business Models
7. The Future of Social Innovation and Sustainable Entrepreneurship
7.1 Emerging Technologies and Trends
7.2 Global Collaboration for Sustainable Development
7.3 Policy and Legal Frameworks
8. Conclusion

Stress Holistic Health and Managing Stress

question
Define “stress,” “stressor,” and give several examples of the three types of stress,. Explain what is meant by “Holistic Health” and summarize the various dimensions
of health Summarize the various sources of stress; then explain the three basic approaches to managing stress which will be utilized in this course 
1.2  Discuss the various stress vulnerability factors; then complete “The Tombstone Test” 
1.3  Explain the concept of homeostasis and the various physiological responses to stress Summarize the General Adaptation Syndrome and give an example of
It’s application List and dispel the 5 myths about stress  
Answer
1. Stress, Stressor, and Types of Stress
In psycho-physiology, stress is defined as a response to a demand that is placed upon you. It is a negative concept that can affect your body, your mind, and your behavior. It is caused by major life events such as illness, loss of a loved one, or life transitions; traumatic stress can be caused by any kind of abrupt and major disruption in your life such as a major accident, an assault, or a natural disaster; chronic stress is a type of stress that wears away at you day after day and year after year. It is different from acute stress, which has a quick onset and a short duration. Acute stress might be caused by preparing for a wedding, taking a final exam, or making a public speech. In the table below, think about some of the major changes that have occurred in your life. This list is called “change units” and was first published in 1967. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale, as it is called, assigns a number of change units to many life events. The higher the score, the more stressful the event is considered to be. This is a common way of determining life stress. For example, “death of a spouse” is considered the most stressful event and is assigned 100 life change units. On the other hand, “change in sleeping habits” is supposed to be the least stressful event but is still given 16 life change units. One approach to evaluating stress is to assess “life strain,” or the pressures and demands on an individual or group. The list includes pressures and demands from within and from others in the environment. And, the list of events includes positive and negative changes as well as chronic stressors. For example, children, marital disputes, registration, and money pressures are common “life strains”. The instrument is used by researchers and clinicians to help in the assessment of stress.
1.1 Definition of stress
Stress can be described as a reaction to a stressor. According to the United States National Institute of Mental Health (2019), stress is the body’s natural response to a difficult situation such as public speaking, a job interview, or an argument. Hans Selye, a renowned biological scientist, provides a more general definition of stress. He argues that stress is a condition of the body that makes the person feel challenged and unable to cope with the demands being made on them (Pettit, 2019). Selye’s definition allows for the possibility that a person might feel stressed even without a specific identifiable stressor. It is not just the immediate physical impacts of stress that cause problems for the body. Stress, in a wider sense, is viewed as the body’s response to a “physical, emotional, social, or intellectual challenge… that requires a response or change.” Stress, in Selye’s view, is the result of “natural drives and mechanisms that can help life to develop” (Pettit, 2019). Selye also argues that the effects of stress depend on what to whom, and when. Different people experience stress in different ways – what is useful to one person may, in fact, be harmful or damaging to another. In contrast, Bill Knaus and Albert Ellis argue that not all stress is bad. They point out that “optimal stress skews towards the center of the stress range” and whereas too little stress can lead to boredom and “depression anxiety and helplessness”, so can too much stress (Knaus and Ellis, 2007). The stress response can be divided into three key stages. Firstly comes the “alarm stage”, in which the body is responding to the initial exposure to a stressor. Secondly is the “resistance stage”, in which the body tries to “return to a state of normal functioning” and increase its capacity to respond to the stressor. Finally, there is the “exhaustion stage”. If the stressor remains present for a long period of time, the body’s resources can become depleted and the body experiences a kind of ‘breakdown’ as a result. This can have serious effects on both emotional and physical health (Ivancevich et al, 1987). Stress can become a problem when a person is unable to manage the demands being made and begins to feel like he or she is losing control over the situation. Stress differs from other states, such as fear or anxiety, in terms of format: stressors always have an identifiable cause whereas feelings of anxiety and fear can be much more complex and more difficult to pin down to a specific issue. The duration of the symptom is important as well – temporary exposure to a stressor can actually be beneficial to a person, improving motivation and one’s capacity to deal with the challenge. But where stress becomes prolonged or chronic, it can lead to a range of harmful effects on a person’s physical health and, in the longer term, mental health too. Alasdair A. Logie explains that “the chain of events set in place by acute and chronic stress can affect all systems of the body” and the body’s natural response to stress can be viewed as a trigger for many types of illness, from heart problems to inflammatory conditions. He points out that continuous production of increased levels of hormones such as cortisol may serve to hinder the body’s natural ability to stabilize and maintain homeostasis. As we shall see in following sections of the paper, stress has a pronounced impact on the human body and represents an area of particular interest in modern medical research and psychological investigation.
1.2 Definition of stressor
Stressors are events or conditions in your surroundings that may trigger stress. There are two types of stressors: external stressors, which are stressors that you’re exposed to in your life, and internal stressors, or stress that comes from within you. Work stress, interpersonal stress, and stress from being too busy are examples of external stressors. Exercise and poor nutrition are examples of internal stressors. A stressor may be a one-time or short-term occurrence, or it can be an occurrence that keeps happening over a long term. When something that is producing stress is removed, the stress resolves, and the body returns to its normal state. However, if a stressor continues to be present, the body continues to produce stress hormones and the body experiences a state of chronic stress. Chronic stress can lead to a variety of health problems. It has been shown to have an effect on a person’s immune system, which can make them more susceptible to infections. It can also have an effect on the cardiovascular and digestive systems. In fact, recent medical research has pinpointed chronic stress as a factor in the development of heart disease, a leading cause of death in the United States. Psychological research has found that those who have experienced chronic stress early in life, such as childhood neglect or abuse, show more fearful behaviors and have a reduced lifespan compared to physically abused children who did not experience what was defined as chronic stress. This shows how chronic stress can affect not only physical health but mental health and developmental stages of life as well. In order to manage stress more effectively, it is important to identify the causes of stress in our life. This is good knowledge to have because the conditions which cause stress in our lives are many, and each person reacts to stress in their own way. By identifying our causes of stress and understanding how stress affects us, we will be better prepared to deal with stress in a productive and healthy way.
1.3 Examples of physical stress
Many of us feel stress in some form on a daily basis. Physical stress is stress that is caused by a physical injury or trauma to the body. When the body is subjected to physical stress, it responds by going into a shock-like state. This means that the body starts to shut down certain systems in order to deal with the physical problem. An example of physical stress is when a person is in a car accident. The physical trauma of the impact causes the body to go into a state of shock and the adrenaline levels in the body will rise. This can result in pupils dilating, the heart beating faster, and the body preparing to fight potential threats, such as a fire, or to run away. Another example of physical stress is when you participate in a very physical sport, such as rugby. The body will come under physical duress in the form of impacts, knocks, bumps, and the overall strain placed on it by vigorous physical exercise. Regular hydration and fuel, such as food, are important. The body requires a careful balance of fluid and energy intake to keep the muscles and body well-nourished and functioning properly. Muscles require hydration in order to maintain their pliability and to prevent injuries, such as tears and strains. Furthermore, without an adequate supply of energy-giving nutrients, such as fats and glucose, the body’s systems, in particular the immune system, can start to weaken so that the body cannot defend itself against, for example, the effects of mental stresses. A final example of physical stress is during pregnancy. The body is placed under physical pressure as it attempts to adapt to accommodate a growing fetus. For example, the lower back is placed under additional strain as the weight of the baby pulls the mother’s body forward. This can cause a range of physical problems such as the restriction of blood vessels in the legs and the lumbar spine becoming exaggerated as the pelvis tilts anteriorly.
1.4 Examples of psychological stress
For instance, one recent study on generalized anxiety disorder discovered that the brains of those suffering from the disorder are unable to generate the appropriate emotional response to a given situation. The discovery, made by researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Illinois at Chicago, was made by tracking brain activity in patients at one of the most well-known psychiatrists in the world and patients at UW Health, where one of the study’s authors works. Scientists found that the part of the brain which usually responds to an emotion-provoking event, the amygdala, was largely inactive in these patients. The amygdala is critical in generating and regulating the body’s “alarm response” or fight-or-flight response. The study used an experimental design. It is essential for experiments on anxiety and depression to be experimental, and a control group that was not suffering from generalized anxiety disorder or any other known disorders which could affect daily life was also monitored, in order to verify that the difference in brain activity was due to the presence of the disorder. As a result of the study, the lead author explained that it was concluded that the brain of a person with anxiety is ‘misinterpreting’ situations that are not dangerous and generating inappropriate responses. This is not just front-page news for the scientific community – discoveries such as this can have far-reaching effects, with treatment plans for mental disorders being reshaped by such significant neurobiological findings. However, the media portrayal of psychological disorders can often be less than complimentary; linking to the ‘Myth 3’ sections, a common assumption for people with these disorders is that they are experienced as a result of personal weakness or character flaws. Such widely held misinterpretations about everyday disorders can often bring about isolation and ridicule for those who have been diagnosed and a disregard for the seriousness of such conditions. His finding work can serve as an interesting demonstration of how unwarranted explanations can factor into someone’s mental health experience. “It is not a matter of ‘just being anxious’ and it is certainly not something that can be easily dismissed,” as lead author Jack Nitschke is quoted in the official report published by UIC today. So while the study offers a greater understanding of how an anxiety response actually originates in the body, an endeavor to promote that form of knowledge over the misconceptions like those in ‘Myth 3’ is still crucial for those struggling on a daily basis with mental illness and that the researcher’s insight may lead to advancements not only in the biological and neurological field, but also the attitudes and efficacy of psychiatry and associated therapies as well.
1.5 Examples of emotional stress
Whether it’s significant sadness, high levels of anger, an excessive fear or even just feeling constantly drained, emotional stress is a type of stress that’s very easily understood. We have all experienced the signs of emotional stress at some point in our lives. For example, when we are tired, close to our stress limitations, and dwelling on our problems, physical warning signs of emotional stress like a headache, upset stomach, back pain, and difficulty sleeping can appear. Mentally, we might feel anxious, irritable, or even depressed. This is because our body’s stress reaction helps feed off of and further perpetuate emotional stress, which can make us feel stuck in an unhealthy cycle. To help end that cycle, and better manage your emotional stress, it’s important to learn how to recognise the signs that you’re under stress and also what you can do to relieve that stress and avoid it in the long run. When you consider the following situations, you would be talking about emotional stress because you are dealing with the loss of something in the past. This could relate to the death of someone close to you, the end of a relationship or the loss of something that you feel you depended on or had high expectations for, like not getting a job you really wanted. Those can be referred to as agents of psychological and emotional stress – what caused the emotional stress as well as the pressure to the brain and the body. Residents who are confronted with increasing prices, political events and policies that make it hard for a large category of people, and even high school scholars who are under pressure to succeed all suffer from emotional stress subconsciously and appealing to. Such emotional stress can end in cases of chronic emotional stress and may lead to diverse health impacts. Just from these few instances of emotional stress, it is easy to see how people can be triggered by an emotional event and realise the way in which it manifests into various diseases. Every emotion has a particular different growth and mirroring effect in the cell structure of our body, as does emotional stress. It generates an environment for sickness and epidemic.
2. Holistic Health and Dimensions of Health
2.1 Explanation of holistic health
2.2 Summary of various dimensions of health
3. Sources of Stress
3.1 Overview of sources of stress
4. Approaches to Managing Stress
4.1 Introduction to managing stress
4.2 Explanation of the three basic approaches
5. Stress Vulnerability Factors and “The Tombstone Test”
5.1 Discussion of stress vulnerability factors
5.2 Completion of “The Tombstone Test”
6. Homeostasis and Physiological Responses to Stress
6.1 Explanation of homeostasis
6.2 Overview of physiological responses to stress
7. General Adaptation Syndrome and Application Example
7.1 Summary of General Adaptation Syndrome
7.2 Example of General Adaptation Syndrome application
8. Myths About Stress
8.1 List of 5 myths about stress
8.2 Dispelling the 5 myths about stress

The Benefits of Cloud Computing for Information Systems

Question
The Benefits of Cloud Computing for Information Systems: Discuss the benefits of cloud computing for information systems. Discuss how cloud computing can improve scalability, agility, and cost-efficiency.
Answer
1. Introduction
1.1 Definition of Cloud Computing Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software and information, are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, like the electricity grid. With cloud computing, sharing of resources can be achieved at a large scale. This is because access to the cloud is quite cheap, generally some simple PC is required and there is little or no upfront cost. This type of distributed system is by nature loosely coupled and consumers are not aware of the physical location of the resources. This has a drawback of security and compliance issues because data are usually being sent to a certain cloud provider. But we have mentioned that cloud computing itself is a solution to cost effective data security. Now if cloud computing can provide better solutions to security and compliance issues, it is now a cost effective solution for information systems. 1 2 This idea itself is well suited for SMEs who are unable to afford much on information systems. This is because the applications are not too complex and the resources required are minimal. But it is known that information systems are an intertwine of application to data. If we refer back to the second benefit of cloud computing which is “availability of applications without installation”, it can save cost and time to organizations as they outsource the IT to their application provider. Any requirements to applications can be done at a faster rate. Step by step cloud computing is a definitely a future for information systems.
Data and storage security have been a chief headache for companies. Enterprises spend a mammoth percentage of their budget to maintain data safety. The cost has been reducing their profits by some percent. Even in the case of making data “mobile” so that they can operate on it from different location, it would cost them considerably. The solution is here in cloud computing. Data storage, security maintenance will be handled by the cloud computing service providers. It will effectively and considerably reduce the cost of maintaining data security as the data will be in the hands of the providers. Now making the data available from any location has a cost which is due to software requirements which differ from system to system. By application of cloud computing the data can be accessed from a web browser with the same user interface. This will be cost effective as it cuts down the cost of purchasing software with the same user interface. It will allow the data to be mobile without incurring any addition costs. Cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance. IT can also adjust the number of users dynamically through automation and it is available any time anywhere as long as there is an internet connection. By making the system off-site, the providers will be able to maintain the systems at a better rate for its clients. This is far better compared to an in-house IT which at times is not reliable. Now if cloud computing can provide maintenance free IT and low cost data security and data mobility, it within itself is a definite cost effective solution for information systems.
1.1 Definition of Cloud Computing
The term cloud computing has become a standard in today’s ever-growing technological society. It refers to using a network of remote servers (referred to as the “cloud,” which we can only assume is a metaphor) hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. This has been quite a large shift in how things are done, as now we farm out these processes to third parties, accessing them through the internet rather than handling them on a personal device. One of the big reasons this has become so popular is the fact that it allows for much more efficient computation by centralizing the data storage, processing, and bandwidth. This also changes what kind of hardware we need to handle these tasks, taking the strain off of our very rapidly outdated personal devices and putting it on the service we are connecting to. It has become pervasive to the point where nearly every form of service you will use online is hosted in a cloud structure, not to mention any high-level data storage and retrieval for personal or professional means. This is quickly becoming the model for modern data computing.
1.2 Importance of Information Systems
Cloud computing can provide a new platform for deploying information systems. Traditionally, information systems would be deployed on an in-house infrastructure. Cloud computing allows information systems to be deployed at a reduced cost and with increased accessibility. Cloud computing provides scalable resources and encourages information systems with high agility. These benefits relevant to cloud computing can be especially useful to small-medium sized companies. Many small-medium sized companies often lack the infrastructure required to deploy certain information systems. High infrastructure costs and investment risk may deter a company from developing an effective information system. By exploiting cloud resources, companies can invest in only what they need at the present moment. This can reduce the investment risk and a pay-as-you-go pricing model can prove to be cost effective. Data storage and management are two areas of importance to deploying information systems. With cloud resources, relevant data can be stored using minimal effort with increased accessibility. Data can be easily managed and maintained with the resources available and cloud providers would ensure a high level of data durability.
Information systems are a key part in most organizations today, due to the importance of the data held and the information required. If the information systems are not up and running, or do not hold the necessary data required, this can have a massive effect on the running of the organization, or even affect clients and external organizations. Information systems are a strategic asset to any organization. They are a necessity required to gain an edge in the industry for which the organization is a part of. Decision making is vital in today’s fast moving global economy. It is essential that top managers and executives have the correct information at hand when making decisions in order to ensure success. A good information system will give various levels of management the information required to make the most effective decision. Storing data is a more efficient and effective method when using information systems. Data can be stored in an electronic form and retrieved when needed, reducing time and effort. Data can be stored for future use or to hand to someone else. Data storage is especially useful to professionals and knowledge workers. It is a known fact that throughout every industry and every company there is a plethora of information that is fed to them. Using information systems to sift through this information is valuable in extracting the bits of data that are actually needed in order to carry out an activity. This can save a lot of time and frustration from having to try and figure out what information is relevant and what is not.
2. Scalability Benefits
2.1 Increased Flexibility
2.2 Resource Optimization
2.3 Elasticity in Resource Allocation
3. Agility Benefits
3.1 Rapid Deployment of Applications
3.2 Easy Collaboration and Integration
3.3 Streamlined Development and Testing Processes
4. Cost-Efficiency Benefits
4.1 Reduced Capital Expenditure
4.2 Pay-as-You-Go Pricing Model
4.3 Lower Maintenance and Upkeep Costs
5. Security and Data Protection
5.1 Enhanced Data Backup and Recovery
5.2 Robust Security Measures
5.3 Compliance with Data Regulations
6. Performance Optimization
6.1 High Availability and Reliability
6.2 Improved Performance Monitoring and Optimization
6.3 Load Balancing and Auto-Scaling Capabilities
7. Accessibility and Mobility
7.1 Anytime, Anywhere Access
7.2 Device Independence
7.3 Seamless Integration with Mobile Devices
8. Integration with Existing Systems
8.1 Interoperability with On-Premises Infrastructure
8.2 Legacy System Modernization
8.3 Data Migration and Integration Strategies
9. Case Studies and Success Stories
9.1 Organizations Benefitting from Cloud Computing
9.2 Real-World Examples of Improved Information Systems
9.3 Lessons Learned and Best Practices

The Benefits of Understanding and Using Statistics in Nursing Practice

Question
Discussion  Statistical tools are used in our everyday lives. Discuss how understanding and using statistics can be beneficial to nursing practice.  2 scholar resources no plagiarism
Answer
1. Introduction
Progress has been made in changing the kind of statistical output that is now available to the nursing community, such as new validated indices that can be used to measure morbidity more effectively and are more likely to be suited for the needs of a particular setting, electronic medical records becoming widely used and enabling the nurse to data mine for formal audit projects, new systems like “Early Warning Scores” that have been developed through statistical methodologies to enable better patient assessment and closer monitoring of dynamic clinical changes, and the continuous development of telemedicine which entails the remote monitoring of vital signs, such as oxygen saturations and pulse, and the application of statistical modeling to predict health care needs and pathology changes. Overtime nurses benefit most from the use of statistics by engaging in the intellectual and professional challenges created by an evidence-based approach to patient care, and by understanding the continuing evolution of both the technological and organic elements of the science of nursing. By moving closer towards an environment where clinical data is being used to create personalized health care pathways, nurses will fulfill the purpose and potential of their skills and so attract respect and remuneration appropriate to the generation and interpretation of sophisticated health care knowledge.
Modern health care is driven by data. By collecting and analyzing data from tests and procedures, and by using that data to develop new methods of care, medical research and practice are becoming more efficient and effective all the time. However, the sheer scope and magnitude of the medical data that needs to be analyzed on a daily basis makes health care a natural home for statistical analysis. Yet modern health care still has an output-based approach that reflects a traditional lack of data to drive the development of nursing as a self-determining profession. The evidence base for contemporary health care practices that nurses would wish to provide is only viable and persuasive if it is recognized that that data is meaningfully interpreted and acted upon. For evidence-based practice to evolve, it is essential that the legal and ethical issues surrounding the use and application of statistics are appreciated by professionals. This is underpinned by the requirement that nurses and midwives should provide care and treatment based on the best available evidence or best practice, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code advises that personal and professional development is informed by reflection, practice, and study. Also, accountability is a key aspect of the NMC Code and involves the need for nurses and midwives to be answerable for their actions and to make others aware of any decisions they have made.
In nursing practice, accurate and reliable data is the key to good patient care. The routine use of statistical methods helps nurses advance in the knowledge of conditions that affect patients and the care that is most effective. Statistics have a distinct place in nursing science; they are used as a method to understand the importance of evidence in practice and to measure the performance of an intervention by using appropriate data. The purpose of this discussion is to define the term “statistics”, provide a rationale for the importance and emphasis placed on the use of statistics in nursing science, and describe the meaning and relevance of selected key statistical methods used in the appraisal of evidence in practice.
1.1 Importance of Statistics in Nursing Practice
In nursing, statistics are used daily to help monitor the progress of patients and to improve their outcome. Many sophisticated tests and procedures have become common in medical care and nursing practice, and these rely on the use of statistics. As healthcare and nursing move further into a digital age, with electronic patient records and large research projects, the habits of the past of not analyzing data fully can no longer be tolerated. Statistics help to allay the natural uncertainties of the human mind and the human body. Many treatments for common diseases have a wide variety of options and outcomes, and it is often impossible to know which will be the best. By using statistics to compare different treatments, it helps realize which is the most effective. Also, statistics will be used to drive changes in patient care using data mining to help identify areas of focus in improving quality of treatment and prophylaxis and by compiling evidence for audits or revalidation. Some nursing staff currently may be involved in such projects as a part of clinical proficiency, but the requirement may soon shift to address minimum statistical abilities. This shows how integral statistics are increasingly becoming to modern nursing practice. However, it is recognized that there is still a need for great cultural and perceptual change in nursing practice. Statistics can be seen to have an intellectual edge over qualitative research. It can also be seen as unnecessary rigor. The culture among certain parts of the nursing peerage (and patients group) may be seen that statistics are cold and heartless and that nursing is about providing holistic care which does not require analysis. These are the methods and attitudes that must be tackled in order to improve nursing care in the present and the future. Residents and colleagues should respect that “real” evidence – not just cases and stories – should be used to help inform and develop nursing practice. Modern nursing is exciting and rewarding because it is a constantly changing and dynamic field. However, change is only successful and efficiency is only increased when such changes are based on an informed and impartial analysis of evidence. It should be the aim of every modern practicing nurse to be up to date and informed about the latest in nursing research and to help lead advancements from the frontline of patient care. Not only will this help with the development of the nursing profession as a whole, but it will enable to truly make a difference to patients and help shape the future of nursing as well as their own professional practice.
1.2 Purpose of the Discussion
The focus on the current needs in Senegal is related to the role of statistics to support evidence-based practice in nursing. However, it is important to understand the global context, whereby healthcare is constantly changing and having to adapt to emerging infectious diseases, new treatments and therapies, and technological developments. With the increasing reliance on technology and the ‘digitalisation’ of healthcare, the amount of data being generated is growing at an unprecedented rate, and this is no different in the field of nursing. However, this data is only useful if it can be accurately interpreted and is meaningful in the context it is used in. This is why there is a continued focus on the use of statistics within a healthcare environment such as nursing. With an increasing demand for quality improvement initiatives in healthcare, it is essential that the way work is informed by data. This is recognised as being important both in the developing field of health information technology and the more established processes of healthcare regulation. However, as will be described in more detail in the next section, the use of statistics in nursing practice is not without its challenges and nurses need to be critical in their interpretation of data and mindful of its limitations so as to ensure that advancements in technology and new statistical techniques genuinely enhance the ability to provide high quality care. In essence, statistics is only one tool to support the decision making process in healthcare, but one that is slowly changing the way in which diagnoses are made, treatments are selected and the monitoring of patients’ progress is conducted. It is fitting, then, that the discussion about how statistics can empower nurses to provide the most effective care will be delivered by an experienced nurse using a statistical programme to drive improvements in patient care.
2. Statistical Tools in Everyday Life
2.1 Examples of Statistical Tools
2.2 How Statistical Tools Impact Decision Making
3. Understanding Statistics in Nursing Practice
3.1 Basic Statistical Concepts
3.2 Statistical Analysis Techniques
3.3 Interpreting Statistical Findings
4. Benefits of Using Statistics in Nursing Practice
4.1 Evidence-Based Practice
4.2 Identifying Trends and Patterns
4.3 Predictive Modeling
4.4 Quality Improvement Initiatives
5. Statistical Resources for Nurses
5.1 Scholarly Journals and Research Databases
5.2 Professional Associations and Organizations
5.3 Continuing Education and Training Opportunities
6. Challenges and Limitations of Statistics in Nursing Practice
6.1 Data Collection Issues
6.2 Statistical Misinterpretation
6.3 Ethical Considerations
7. Conclusion
7.1 Recap of the Benefits of Understanding and Using Statistics in Nursing Practice
7.2 Future Directions for Statistical Applications in Nursing

The Ethical Issues of Information Systems

question
The Ethical Issues of Information Systems: Examine the ethical considerations associated with information systems. Discuss data privacy, security, and intellectual property issues.
answer
1. Introduction
If executives and their corporate culture have a strong propensity to act unethically, no device or code of conduct will stop them. Even the most comprehensively conceived legislation or code can do no more than prohibit or make mandatory certain behaviors, and it is always possible to circumvent them. However, this work is aimed at at least making organizations more aware of the ethical import of their actions, and more committed to public scrutiny and debate about whether their behaviors are defensible. The assumption is that managers will generally wish to do what is right, and will be willing to expend some effort to analyze the effects of their decisions on stakeholders. The problem is that this may be a will o’ the wisp; still, it is the condition under which any ethical analysis would have some hope of affecting decisions. The specific context for our work is the affected decisions in information systems development and operation. Here again, it is unrealistic to hope that these decisions will be guided by explicit ethical analysis. Usually, they are taken under tight budget constraints and time pressures, and the only rule is expediency. This is a recipe for decisions made in a fog of half truths, misinformation, and hidden agendas—decisions that are simultaneously the most ethically fraught, because of their great potential impact, and the least likely to be subjected to ethical scrutiny. However, it is precisely the potential of information technology for altering what we are able to do, and the relativity of these alterations to old modes of behavior that makes assessment of the impacts the decisions most urgent. And while we have no illusions about altering the prevailing mode of decision making, at a minimum we hope to sensitize trainees to the ethical import of their decisions.
1.1 Importance of Ethical Considerations
It divides the technology into three categories and investigates what information technology adds to the ethical analysis of these categories. The analysis of the first category, the internally neutral technology, leads to the conclusion that IT adds a new phase to the prevailing mode of moral reasoning. This new phase is characterized by a displacement of the subject of an action. In using conventional methods of moral reasoning to determine how to shift information from one place to another, people have simply been comparing the probable results of alternative actions upon themselves, or a client, or someone else on whose behalf they were acting. Now, with the automation of information processing, the persons who program the machines and the persons who benefit or suffer from the resulting action can be different from those who had been the original participants in conventional action. A new moral question then becomes, whether an action to secure a certain result at a long distance through a computer is the same as the earlier familiar action that achieved the result more directly. The likely answer is that there has been a change in rules permissibility with respect to that result, but to determine this and its implications will require a whole new study in casuistry. Concerning the second category to which Categorical Imperative admits only hypothetical imperatives, IT brings to light many actions which were not seen as attempts to achieve some result, but are now seen as data transmissions to change a record, and which the persons involved would not have carried out had they known that the action can be more easily and securely done at a later time. IT thus creates a new precariousness and self-referential time consumingness some actions. The analysis of the third category, morally loaded action, shows that IT places a great deal of power into the hands of those who can access specific data and programmes enabling them to make a certain action. Whether access will be in a world networked databases or by a more direct lateral entry, it will become apparent that this information access is a kind of power, i.e. ability to secure a desired result and will lead to considering an information act as a means to an end. The possibility of doing a cost efficient simulation of various acts and their probable results will bring Utilitarian calculation, while some trying to prevent the act will take the simulated results as predictions and given to last to changing said probability, there will be a whole new mode of moral reasoning for the foregoing years inaugurated by these acts and simulation. All in all, the above analysis shows that IT is a great blooming for ethicists and would be moral men who are now and will be able to study great deeds and misdeeds information age and teach conduct which before now, as mentioned above, has simply been displaced. For at this time there is no society or corporation which cannot act as a hypothetical entity, and time when IT has finished automating both public and private record, there shall be no data acts which are not as if real.
1.2 Scope of the Work
IS has been used to automate many of the routine transactions in various businesses. These transactions have to be executed repeatedly, and every time exactly the same way, or the results will be regarded as a failure. The better a job is suited to automation, the more rapidly it is likely to be automated. This has been the case in areas with high volume repetitive transaction processing such as banking and insurance. The method is to special-purpose a software and a database of the relevant information to the transactions and then incrementally refine the system and incrementally automate aspects of more complex decision making. Japan and the United States are the leading nations in IS automation. High wage nations may find it difficult to retain and outsource or automate business processes that have become commoditized. This may have long-term implications for the competitiveness of these nations. Automation is a double-sided sword. While on one hand, it will free human workers from having to do certain tasks, on the other hand, it will make their work less skilled and more vulnerable to being phased out. This is particularly true in the case of certain management decision making that can be partly automated by Artificial Intelligence and Expert systems. It has been alleged that in some industries, technology has been adopted that particularly is aimed at small-scale automation for the purpose of putting people out of work and replacing them with machines. This point is known as Technology Harms Workers and is one of the seven key topics in assessing the social and ethical impact of automation.
2. Data Privacy Issues
2.1 Collection and Use of Personal Data
2.2 Consent and Opt-Out Options
2.3 Data Breaches and Security Measures
3. Security Concerns
3.1 Cybersecurity Threats
3.2 Protecting Sensitive Information
3.3 Authentication and Access Controls
3.4 Encryption and Data Protection
4. Intellectual Property Challenges
4.1 Copyright Infringement
4.2 Plagiarism and Attribution
4.3 Fair Use and Creative Commons
5. Ethical Decision-Making in Information Systems
5.1 Ethical Theories and Frameworks
5.2 Balancing Stakeholder Interests
5.3 Ethical Leadership and Corporate Responsibility
6. Legal and Regulatory Compliance
6.1 Laws and Regulations Related to Information Systems
6.2 Compliance Challenges and Strategies
6.3 Impact of International Laws on Information Systems
7. Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
7.1 Bias and Discrimination in AI Systems
7.2 Transparency and Explainability in AI Algorithms
7.3 Accountability and Responsibility in AI Development
8. Ethical Issues in Big Data Analytics
8.1 Privacy Implications of Big Data Collection
8.2 Ethical Use of Predictive Analytics
8.3 Social and Ethical Consequences of Data Analysis
9. Ethical Considerations in Social Media and Online Platforms
9.1 Privacy Settings and User Control
9.2 Online Harassment and Cyberbullying
9.3 Manipulation of User Data and Behavioral Advertising
10. Ethical Challenges in Cloud Computing
10.1 Data Security and Protection in the Cloud
10.2 Vendor Lock-In and Data Ownership
10.3 Ethical Use of Cloud Resources

The Impact of Information Systems on Business

Question
The Impact of Information Systems on Business: This essay will examine how information systems have transformed how businesses operate. You could discuss how information systems have improved efficiency, productivity, and decision-making.
Answer
1. Introduction
An information system (IS) is an arrangement of data, processes, people, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support an organization. They help business operations and decision-making by providing the right information and it is long-lasting. “Information Systems are combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data” (www.informationsystems.co.uk, 2010). So IS is the integration of data and technology to support the operation and management of an organization. IS has the power to change businesses and markets, it can change the way a company does business, and it can enable new ways of conducting business in the global marketplace. The innovations of IS can change the basis of competition in an industry. Businesses can use IS to make differentiation of their products; it can provide a business with a strategic advantage and an edge over the competition. New companies can use IS to enter the market, without ever having to set up a physical shop front. These days it is imperative that a business institutes some form of IS to be successful in the current global marketplace. Failure to do so can result in a loss of custom or the company will not be able to survive in today’s demanding task-oriented society. This essay will examine the impact of IS on businesses and the requirement for businesses to keep up to date with IS in today’s fast-moving and ever-changing world.
1.1. Definition of Information Systems
Now let us see the conclusive and the most common definition provided by various authors and scholars. The information system is an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products. The information system is not necessarily a data-processing computer system. Moreover, it is a system which, as well as computer hardware and software, includes manual and non-automated systems such as a system and a programmer who is a and the people who maintain and install the computer. This definition was published in a journal called Decision Support Systems and was based on a Delphi study of IS academics.
An information system is considered a sociotechnical subsystem in which it is composed of some combination of the four elements in the social system of an organization: the technical system, an interface between the two systems, and the processes for the implementation of a new system. Through this it is hoped that the systems will make some impact on the performance of the organization in a way that is more than incremental and it will inevitably change the system that it seeks to influence. However, as the term information system is often used as a more general term to describe systems with a heavy data and data processing emphasis, some researchers prefer to label the study of system data and data processing change as opposed to change in the organization itself as the study of an information system and system which studies only those information systems which make an impact on the organization are sometimes referred to the systems and management sciences. This poses a difficulty of terminology for students wishing to orientate themselves within the study as there is concept of information system is a broad one and it is often difficult to know to which specific concepts or terms refer.
The information system, which forms the subject of this report, serves to provide those people, whether they be effective executives or academic researchers, who do not necessarily understand the nature of the concept with an opportunity to see the relevance of the concept to organizational and decision-making theory and how the concept can be made operational for purposes of empirical research. An information system is the field that is concerned with the utilization of information technology and software tools to assist the decision-making of management and its workers within an organization. The area is the subject of much theoretical debate as to whether the concept of an information system is academic, a figment of the imagination of consultancy marketers, or a reality in which managers and organizations have to exist. At the same time, and largely because of the preceding claim that the concept of an information system is relevant to organizational and decision-making theory, many academic disciplines carried on the concept in a variety of research activities all of which are relevant to the study of an information system but which, taken together, constitute an amorphous body of work which is difficult to define. And which sometimes appears to be tangential to the “real” world of organizations and data processing.
1.2. Importance of Information Systems in Business
This changing environment has a profound impact on the way business is conducted, and organizations need to use this to their advantage to keep up with the fast pace of changes in their environment. The competitive global economy is a recent phenomenon that has had an impact on the way modern organizations conduct business. The modern global information/knowledge-based economy represents new ways of conducting and competing in business. It is well known that national economies have greatly benefited from IT development and new infrastructure, which has resulted in new jobs and industries. However, it also represents a challenging environment for organizations to maintain their operations in the new global sectors. Modern organizations must use information systems throughout every aspect of the business (from HR to production and marketing) to have a chance of succeeding and remaining competitive in the new global environment.
Without information about the effects new information technologies can have on an organization, it can be difficult to justify the cost (Laudon and Laudon, 1991). This is the essence of the explanation of the importance of information systems in business. The authors believe that the modern environment of IT has a great ability to change certain aspects of organizations. They note that modern IT is very powerful and can if used correctly, change organizations by its impact on efficiency and effectiveness. They argue that the recent development of IT is a result of a shift towards an information/knowledge-based economy, and this can change modes of access and use of information for people and society.
1.3. Overview of the Essay
The essay consists of a small study on the information system and its impact on the organization and its stability in the market. An information system is a system that combines data processing, reporting, and inquiry and is considered as the heart of the organization. Technology is quickly changing and affecting the way markets work and how business is done in today’s society. It not only has a strong influence on the way the global economy works but also on individual and organizational levels and on the markets in which they operate. The increased velocity of technology has a lot to do with how information has an impact in today’s society. And the increased velocity of technology has created an information revolution that has an effect on the world economy (Data Monitor, 2001). Information technology is a very important and intelligent asset to keep organizations involved in the global market. In order for small businesses to succeed and obtain a competitive edge, they must engage in some sort of IS/IT. Whether it is automating internal processes or creating a website to reach a broader market, information technology is an efficient resource to keep a company well-informed and well ahead of its competition. Small organizations can utilize the available technology to continue operating even being very small; a well-automated home business can have an international impact. An enormous example is businesses involving e-commerce. The internet is the most efficient way to do business on a global level; using the internet is a cheap way to promote globalization for a small business. Large organizations are more obligated to use information systems due to the increasing velocity of technology and the challenges of a global marketplace to get the most efficient and effective information. Technology can benefit these large organizations in many ways; it can increase the efficiency of business processes, decision making, and work group collaboration. It paves the way for management and executives, making it easier to access unstructured information and have it presented in an easy, simple manner. It can be an intelligent way to make a quick and precise decision. Technology nowadays has the ability to automate complex tasks, so that they can be done quicker with no human error. Large organizations can create software agents that will continuously scan the environment and provide it with the information when a specific task has been completed by acting like an artificial intelligence. In today’s society, it is known that people are working harder and longer, technology can make work an easier and less stressful task and with the information revolution showing no signs of changing its course, information technology is something that will be here for a very long time.
2. Efficiency Improvement
2.1. Automation of Processes
2.2. Streamlining Workflows
2.3. Reduction of Manual Errors
3. Productivity Enhancement
3.1. Real-Time Data Access
3.2. Collaboration and Communication Tools
3.3. Integration of Business Functions
3.4. Task Management and Prioritization
4. Decision-Making Support
4.1. Data Analysis and Reporting
4.2. Predictive Analytics
4.3. Business Intelligence Systems
5. Security and Risk Management
5.1. Data Protection Measures
5.2. Cybersecurity Strategies
5.3. Disaster Recovery Planning
6. Customer Relationship Management
6.1. Customer Data Management
6.2. Personalized Marketing Strategies
6.3. Enhanced Customer Service
7. Supply Chain Optimization
7.1. Inventory Management Systems
7.2. Demand Forecasting
7.3. Logistics and Distribution
8. Globalization and Market Expansion
8.1. E-commerce and Online Marketplaces
8.2. Virtual Collaboration Tools
8.3. International Business Operations
9. Conclusion
9.1. Summary of the Impact of Information Systems
9.2. Future Trends and Challenges

The Impact of Information Systems on Society

question
The Role of Information Systems in Society: This essay would explore the broader impact of information systems on society. You could discuss how information systems have changed the way we communicate, learn, and work.
answer
1. Introduction
Information technology has hit society full force. No longer are corporations in the business of providing a product or service, they are now in the business of providing information. The latest and greatest information provides a competitive edge, and therefore greatly impacts the way business is done. Electronic storage of information has become the norm, and with this, information systems are born. The backbone of information systems is the concept of data. Data is a collection of raw, unstructured facts with little or no defined relationship to a given context. Capturing data is an easy task, but capturing the right data is a difficult task. Data technology is an industry that is skyrocketing. It is the skills that surround the capture, retention, use, and management of data. Data technology has a direct correlation on the effectiveness of information systems. Capturing the right data is a critical success factor. For example, it is not the consumers’ up-to-date weather conditions, but rather the airlines needing to know the weather conditions at an airport in which they have a flight scheduled. Data needs vary between organizations, and spending money on the capture of the right data can reap large rewards. With the right data in hand, it is then possible to manipulate the data to produce information. This involves the use of analytical models and query languages to assist in decision support. This is essentially using the information systems knowledge to automate a decision that would be made. Information produced from the right data can greatly influence an organization’s actions.
1.1 Definition of Information Systems
An information system “collects, processes, stores, analyses, and disseminates information for a specific purpose” (Laudon and Laudon, 1991:10). This in itself is quite a broad definition and there are many examples to try and also define what an information system is. Examples of information systems used are highly diverse ranging from very technical scientific systems using computing, sensors and networking, to more straightforward file-based systems. Intelligence systems are used by organizations to collect information for some purpose and to make the information easily accessible. An example of an information system that is widely used in today’s organizations can be a good old file hierarchy that is used in Windows. The system arranges documents stored on the disk by allowing the user to group files into a hierarchy of directories and sub-directories and also allows documents to be retrieved by saving the path name. Finally, there are the compute and automation systems. These systems are more complex and involve a greater degree of computing. An example of a compute system would be something like a complex database system with fire application to automate the generation of purchase orders.
Information systems can be looked at in a few ways ranging from their use, benefits and overall purpose. A great case can be made that they have become so intertwined with what we do that they have become a fundamental tool in the success and survival of organizations. The following will examine what an information system is, and the usefulness and functionality of this system in the modern business world. In doing so we will find out why information systems are so important to the operation and success of today’s organizations.
1.2 Importance of Information Systems in Society
The main reason why information systems are so important in the world of business today is because they provide a method for businesses to effectively use the information they gather. The general convenience and effectiveness of information systems is the key point on what really makes them important to businesses, as it’s a known fact that without them, the information gathered can only be of use to a certain extent, and in some cases not at all. An example of this would be from a previous personal experience working within an organization possessing somewhat of an information system based on an inventory management system. A manual method of data entry was mainly used, which the information gathered could only provide knowledge of what stock they had, and no indications of sales trends on certain products, or whether certain products were providing more revenue than others. Today, this organization still exists and has since implemented a more effective information system that would allow them to gather information and fully utilize it with an ongoing trend of data entry, providing greater success in the future from the conclusions that will be drawn from the information gathered today.
The importance of information systems in the world of business is a very essential part as well as a key player on whether organizations will be successful in their business ventures or not. For smaller businesses, the emphasis on more tactical systems, such as inventory control or systems for processing transactions, is a very high priority, which without, their business could take a turn for the worse. For larger organizations, the focus on more strategic information systems would be more geared towards a fully fledged system that can provide a series of information and an in-depth analysis of the information gathered. This is why no matter what kind of system an organization specifically wants to design and implement, the emphasis on the importance of information systems is essential in today’s business world.
2. Communication
2.1 Evolution of Communication through Information Systems
2.2 Role of Information Systems in Social Media
2.3 Impact of Information Systems on Global Connectivity
3. Learning
3.1 Transformation of Education with Information Systems
3.2 Online Learning Platforms and Information Systems
3.3 Access to Information and Knowledge
3.4 Gamification and Information Systems in Education
4. Work
4.1 Automation and Efficiency in the Workplace
4.2 Collaboration and Information Systems
4.3 Remote Work and Information Systems
4.4 Data Analysis and Decision Making in Business
5. Privacy and Security
5.1 Challenges of Information Systems in Privacy Protection
5.2 Cybersecurity and Information Systems
5.3 Ethical Considerations in Information Systems
6. Conclusion
6.1 Recap of the Impact of Information Systems on Society
6.2 Future Trends and Implications